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Reproduction, Fertility and Development Reproduction, Fertility and Development Society
Vertebrate reproductive science and technology
REVIEW

The limitations of testicular organoids: are they truly as promising as we believe?

R. Mecca https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7226-0678 A , S. Tang B , C. Jones A and K. Coward https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-4041 A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.

B Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.

* Correspondence to: kevin.coward@wrh.ox.ac.uk

Handling Editor: Marc Yeste

Reproduction, Fertility and Development 36, RD23216 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD23216
Submitted: 7 December 2023  Accepted: 31 May 2024  Published online: 27 June 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Organoid systems have revolutionised various facets of biological research by offering a three-dimensional (3D), physiologically relevant in vitro model to study complex organ systems. Over recent years, testicular organoids have been publicised as promising platforms for reproductive studies, disease modelling, drug screening, and fertility preservation. However, the full potential of these systems has yet to be realised due to inherent limitations. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the current challenges associated with testicular organoid models. Firstly, we address the inability of current organoid systems to fully replicate the intricate spatial organisation and cellular diversity of the in vivo testis. Secondly, we scrutinise the fidelity of germ cell maturation within the organoids, highlighting incomplete spermatogenesis and epigenetic inconsistencies. Thirdly, we consider the technical challenges faced during organoid culture, including nutrient diffusion limits, lack of vasculature, and the need for specialised growth factors. Finally, we discuss the ethical considerations surrounding the use of organoids for human reproduction research. Addressing these limitations in combination with integrating complementary approaches, will be essential if we are to advance our understanding of testicular biology and develop novel strategies for addressing reproductive health issues in males.

Keywords: in vitro spermatogenesis, fertility preservation, gametogenesis, male fertility, sperm, spermatogenesis, testicular organoids, tissue culture.

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