Cytokine gene expression at the maternal–fetal interface after somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancies in small ruminants
Heloisa M. Rutigliano A B C , Amanda Wilhelm A , Justin Hall A , Bi Shi A , Qinggang Meng A , Rusty Stott A B , Thomas D. Bunch A B , Kenneth L. White A B , Christopher J. Davies A B and Irina A. Polejaeva A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
B School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
C Corresponding authors. Emails: heloisa.rutigliano@usu.edu; irina.polejaeva@usu.edu
Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29(4) 646-657 https://doi.org/10.1071/RD15103
Submitted: 12 March 2015 Accepted: 16 September 2015 Published: 14 October 2015
Abstract
The present retrospective study investigated pregnancy rates, the incidence of pregnancy loss and large offspring syndrome (LOS) and immune-related gene expression of sheep and goat somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pregnancies. We hypothesised that significantly higher pregnancy losses observed in sheep compared with goat SCNT pregnancies are due to the increased amounts of T-helper 1 cytokines and proinflammatory mediators at the maternal–fetal interface. Sheep and goat SCNT pregnancies were generated using the same procedure. Control pregnancies were established by natural breeding. Although SCNT pregnancy rates at 45 days were similar in both species, pregnancy losses between 45 and 60 days of gestation and the incidence of LOS were significantly greater in sheep than in goats. At term, the expression of proinflammatory genes in sheep SCNT placentas was increased, whereas that in goats was similar to that in control animals. Genes with altered expression in sheep SCNT placentas included cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2RA), cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28), interferon gamma (IFNG), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 10 (IL10), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8). Major histocompatibility complex-I protein expression was greater in sheep and goat SCNT placentas at term than in control pregnancies. An unfavourable immune environment is present at the maternal–fetal interface in sheep SCNT pregnancies.
Additional keywords: assisted reproductive technology, cloning, large offspring syndrome, livestock species, pregnancy loss.
References
Amiri Yekta, A., Dalman, A., Eftekhari-Yazdi, P., Sanati, M. H., Shahverdi, A. H., Fakheri, R., Vazirinasab, H., Daneshzadeh, M. T., Vojgani, M., Zomorodipour, A., et al. (2013). Production of transgenic goats expressing human coagulation factor IX in the mammary glands after nuclear transfer using transfected fetal fibroblast cells. Transgenic Res. 22, 131–142.| Production of transgenic goats expressing human coagulation factor IX in the mammary glands after nuclear transfer using transfected fetal fibroblast cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVCqsb%2FP&md5=d21148972a7d2f6f29ef64e9a2379159CAS | 22869287PubMed |
Arck, P. C., Ferrick, D. A., Steele-Norwood, D., Egan, P. J., Croitoru, K., Carding, S. R., Dietl, J., and Clark, D. A. (1999). Murine T cell determination of pregnancy outcome. Cell. Immunol. 196, 71–79.
| Murine T cell determination of pregnancy outcome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXms1yhu7c%3D&md5=97b765e98587178f38d4c8c1503e1013CAS | 10527558PubMed |
Baguisi, A., Behboodi, E., Melican, D. T., Pollock, J. S., Destrempes, M. M., Cammuso, C., Williams, J. L., Nims, S. D., Porter, C. A., Midura, P., et al. (1999). Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 456–461.
| Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXivFWrsbY%3D&md5=93cb13cd2d050dd80cdb25060ce9056eCAS | 10331804PubMed |
Bauersachs, S., Ulbrich, S. E., Zakhartchenko, V., Minten, M., Reichenbach, M., Reichenbach, H.-D., Blum, H., Spencer, T. E., and Wolf, E. (2009). The endometrium responds differently to cloned versus fertilized embryos. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 5681–5686.
| The endometrium responds differently to cloned versus fertilized embryos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXkvFGhurk%3D&md5=5ceee190c3790ff9887da7cd8326f3d1CAS | 19307558PubMed |
Behboodi, E., Anderson, G. B., BonDurant, R. H., Cargill, S. L., Kreuscher, B. R., Medrano, J. F., and Murray, J. D. (1995). Birth of large calves that developed from in vitro-derived bovine embryos. Theriogenology 44, 227–232.
| Birth of large calves that developed from in vitro-derived bovine embryos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28zgtVCkuw%3D%3D&md5=3496b4d96bf9d6b230b4d01166373f08CAS | 16727722PubMed |
Bertolini, M., and Anderson, G. B. (2002). The placenta as a contributor to production of large calves. Theriogenology 57, 181–187.
| The placenta as a contributor to production of large calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fksl2mtQ%3D%3D&md5=6293c3ca825f154db86a9192cd7e3911CAS | 11775968PubMed |
Campbell, K. H., McWhir, J., Ritchie, W. A., and Wilmut, I. (1996). Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature 380, 64–66.
| Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhsFeisLY%3D&md5=100eb9601c9027f171ec3a4bb4ea0adcCAS | 8598906PubMed |
Caniggia, I., Grisaru-Gravnosky, S., Kuliszewsky, M., Post, M., and Lye, S. J. (1999). Inhibition of TGF-beta 3 restores the invasive capability of extravillous trophoblasts in preeclamptic pregnancies. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 1641–1650.
| Inhibition of TGF-beta 3 restores the invasive capability of extravillous trophoblasts in preeclamptic pregnancies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktVCms7c%3D&md5=014275a037ff9b3f971743f7f48e67c5CAS | 10377170PubMed |
Chambers, C. A. (2001). The expanding world of co-stimulation: the two-signal model revisited. Trends Immunol. 22, 217–223.
| The expanding world of co-stimulation: the two-signal model revisited.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjslWjsr8%3D&md5=eb1e9ae4030ff0445d36fef9c3f5a99cCAS | 11274928PubMed |
Chaouat, G., Menu, E., Clark, D. A., Dy, M., Minkowski, M., and Wegmann, T. G. (1990). Control of fetal survival in CBA × DBA/2 mice by lymphokine therapy. J. Reprod. Fertil. 89, 447–458.
| Control of fetal survival in CBA × DBA/2 mice by lymphokine therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXlsFSnsb0%3D&md5=18ffe410d08e88c5fb26eae36e80b04dCAS | 2119428PubMed |
Chaouat, G., Assal Meliani, A., Martal, J., Raghupathy, R., Elliott, J. F., Elliot, J., Mosmann, T., and Wegmann, T. G. (1995). IL-10 prevents naturally occurring fetal loss in the CBA × DBA/2 mating combination, and local defect in IL-10 production in this abortion-prone combination is corrected by in vivo injection of IFN-tau. J. Immunol. 154, 4261–4268.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXltF2gt7o%3D&md5=5c38b14633da79417977e9c73c15356bCAS | 7722286PubMed |
Chavatte-Palmer, P., Heyman, Y., Richard, C., Monget, P., LeBourhis, D., Kann, G., Chilliard, Y., Vignon, X., and Renard, J. P. (2002). Clinical, hormonal, and hematologic characteristics of bovine calves derived from nuclei from somatic cells. Biol. Reprod. 66, 1596–1603.
| Clinical, hormonal, and hematologic characteristics of bovine calves derived from nuclei from somatic cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjvFegtb4%3D&md5=23ccc19e296b492dcfefca1844effe19CAS | 12021036PubMed |
Chen, S.-H., Vaught, T. D., Monahan, J. A., Boone, J., Emslie, E., Jobst, P. M., Lamborn, A. E., Schnieke, A., Robertson, L., Colman, A., Dai, Y., Polejaeva, I. A., and Ayares, D. L. (2002). Efficient production of transgenic cloned calves using preimplantation screening. Biol. Reprod. 67, 1488–1492.
| Efficient production of transgenic cloned calves using preimplantation screening.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xot1Kjs7o%3D&md5=b2d5c05ea28ebd82ddf2227f243c6172CAS | 12390880PubMed |
Chin, P. Y., Macpherson, A. M., Thompson, J. G., Lane, M., and Robertson, S. A. (2009). Stress response genes are suppressed in mouse preimplantation embryos by granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Hum. Reprod. 24, 2997–3009.
| Stress response genes are suppressed in mouse preimplantation embryos by granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVKls7rJ&md5=d87f8e9dc79f2b6e5c9e68b431ba5be1CAS | 19737804PubMed |
Comiskey, M., Goldstein, C. Y., De Fazio, S. R., Mammolenti, M., Newmark, J. A., and Warner, C. M. (2003). Evidence that HLA-G is the functional homolog of mouse Qa-2, the Ped gene product. Hum. Immunol. 64, 999–1004.
| Evidence that HLA-G is the functional homolog of mouse Qa-2, the Ped gene product.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXos1Kgurk%3D&md5=a1200228759e3baecc157ea32a56cd0eCAS | 14602227PubMed |
Constant, F., Guillomot, M., Heyman, Y., Vignon, X., Laigre, P., Servely, J. L., Renard, J. P., and Chavatte-Palmer, P. (2006). Large offspring or large placenta syndrome? Morphometric analysis of late gestation bovine placentomes from somatic nuclear transfer pregnancies complicated by hydrallantois. Biol. Reprod. 75, 122–130.
| Large offspring or large placenta syndrome? Morphometric analysis of late gestation bovine placentomes from somatic nuclear transfer pregnancies complicated by hydrallantois.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xmtlyisbs%3D&md5=b9c016bd22df697ca82cfa2c69cc8533CAS | 16571872PubMed |
Davies, C. J., Fisher, P. J., and Schlafer, D. H. (2000). Temporal and regional regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I expression at the bovine uterine/placental interface. Placenta 21, 194–202.
| Temporal and regional regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I expression at the bovine uterine/placental interface.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtVamtrw%3D&md5=7c0685a0d4845e18a5b59fecba95d982CAS | 10736242PubMed |
Davis, W. C., Marusic, S., Lewin, H. A., Splitter, G. A., Perryman, L. E., McGuire, T. C., and Gorham, J. R. (1987). The development and analysis of species specific and cross reactive monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte differentiation antigens and antigens of the major histocompatibility complex for use in the study of the immune system in cattle and other species. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 15, 337–376.
| The development and analysis of species specific and cross reactive monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte differentiation antigens and antigens of the major histocompatibility complex for use in the study of the immune system in cattle and other species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2szitFShtA%3D%3D&md5=4e0c9a3eb798ee36dd724652791466d0CAS | 3114940PubMed |
De Sousa, P. A., King, T., Harkness, L., Young, L. E., Walker, S. K., and Wilmut, I. (2001). Evaluation of gestational deficiencies in cloned sheep fetuses and placentae. Biol. Reprod. 65, 23–30.
| Evaluation of gestational deficiencies in cloned sheep fetuses and placentae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkslWhtrc%3D&md5=bd30b0a3d07b8b67e28f5e4cd678353fCAS | 11420219PubMed |
Denicol, A. C., Block, J., Kelley, D. E., Pohler, K. G., Dobbs, K. B., Mortensen, C. J., Ortega, M. S., and Hansen, P. J. (2014). The WNT signaling antagonist Dickkopf-1 directs lineage commitment and promotes survival of the preimplantation embryo. FASEB J. 28, 3975–3986.
| The WNT signaling antagonist Dickkopf-1 directs lineage commitment and promotes survival of the preimplantation embryo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFanur%2FM&md5=255da888e712289329770eff62cf99d1CAS | 24858280PubMed |
Edwards, J. L., Schrick, F. N., McCracken, M. D., van Amstel, S. R., Hopkins, F. M., Welborn, M. G., and Davies, C. J. (2003). Cloning adult farm animals: a review of the possibilities and problems associated with somatic cell nuclear transfer. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 50, 113–123.
| Cloning adult farm animals: a review of the possibilities and problems associated with somatic cell nuclear transfer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3szhslaltA%3D%3D&md5=065c94b7fb4fbe05c9d27a6bba5e185fCAS | 12846674PubMed |
Ellis, S. A., Sargent, I. L., Redman, C. W., and McMichael, A. J. (1986). Evidence for a novel HLA antigen found on human extravillous trophoblast and a choriocarcinoma cell line. Immunology 59, 595–601.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXkvVaqtw%3D%3D&md5=c425aba41b313f9063dbf0b072711161CAS | 3804380PubMed |
Fasouliotis, S. J., and Schenker, J. G. (2003). Failures in assisted reproductive technology: an overview. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 107, 4–18.
| Failures in assisted reproductive technology: an overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12593887PubMed |
Fletcher, C. J., Roberts, C. T., Hartwich, K. M., Walker, S. K., and McMillen, I. C. (2007). Somatic cell nuclear transfer in the sheep induces placental defects that likely precede fetal demise. Reproduction 133, 243–255.
| Somatic cell nuclear transfer in the sheep induces placental defects that likely precede fetal demise.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjs1aisrg%3D&md5=a00d8500b1f56117f15d194762c90bd3CAS | 17244750PubMed |
Galazios, G., Tsoulou, S., Zografou, C., Tripsianis, G., Koutlaki, N., Papazoglou, D., Tsikouras, P., Maltezos, E., and Liberis, V. (2011). The role of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortions. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 24, 1283–1285.
| The role of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1Wmtr%2FE&md5=9eed02888a3966bf38e89e774a341128CAS | 21591973PubMed |
Giannubilo, S. R., Landi, B., Pozzi, V., Sartini, D., Cecati, M., Stortoni, P., Corradetti, A., Saccucci, F., Tranquilli, A. L., and Emanuelli, M. (2012). The involvement of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage. Cytokine 58, 50–56.
| The involvement of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjtlOmtr4%3D&md5=15549b642f9e6f68f5d35611dc4f6645CAS | 22266274PubMed |
Gogolin-Ewens, K. J., Lee, C. S., Mercer, W. R., and Brandon, M. R. (1989). Site-directed differences in the immune response to the fetus. Immunology 66, 312–317.
| 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7ntlSgtw%3D%3D&md5=37eaa1f95650dfcabdc6578e22ed33ceCAS | 2925229PubMed |
Hall, J., Meng, Q., Sessions, B. R., Fan, Z., Wang, X., Stott, R., Rutigliano, H., Davies, C. J., Panter, K., Bunch, T., White, K. L., and Polejaeva, I. A. (2013). Effect of embryo culture length on production of cloned transgenic goats. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 25, 162.
| Effect of embryo culture length on production of cloned transgenic goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill, J. R., Burghardt, R. C., Jones, K., Long, C. R., Looney, C. R., Shin, T., Spencer, T. E., Thompson, J. A., Winger, Q. A., and Westhusin, M. E. (2000). Evidence for placental abnormality as the major cause of mortality in first-trimester somatic cell cloned bovine fetuses. Biol. Reprod. 63, 1787–1794.
| Evidence for placental abnormality as the major cause of mortality in first-trimester somatic cell cloned bovine fetuses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosVKhtL4%3D&md5=101d2caf79ec39f64bca3e4621dd50abCAS | 11090450PubMed |
Hill, J. R., Schlafer, D. H., Fisher, P. J., and Davies, C. J. (2002). Abnormal expression of trophoblast major histocompatibility complex class I antigens in cloned bovine pregnancies is associated with a pronounced endometrial lymphocytic response. Biol. Reprod. 67, 55–63.
| Abnormal expression of trophoblast major histocompatibility complex class I antigens in cloned bovine pregnancies is associated with a pronounced endometrial lymphocytic response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkvV2itrc%3D&md5=9faa10863558072326effbbe992e7f9fCAS | 12079999PubMed |
Hirasawa, R., Matoba, S., Inoue, K., and Ogura, A. (2013). Somatic donor cell type correlates with embryonic, but not extra-embryonic, gene expression in postimplantation cloned embryos. PLoS One 8, e76422.
| Somatic donor cell type correlates with embryonic, but not extra-embryonic, gene expression in postimplantation cloned embryos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1OisL%2FK&md5=25b1dfe55d8c49b10ee2c35076c1e600CAS | 24146866PubMed |
Hunt, J. S., Petroff, M. G., McIntire, R. H., and Ober, C. (2005). HLA-G and immune tolerance in pregnancy. FASEB J. 19, 681–693.
| HLA-G and immune tolerance in pregnancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktVKmu78%3D&md5=c55e6656d976a812d1bd6b53ef2a1858CAS | 15857883PubMed |
IETS (2012). ‘IETS 2012 Statistics and Data Retrieval Committee Report’. Available at http://www.iets.org/pdf/comm_data/December2012.pdf [Verified on 11 January 2015]
Isom, S. C., Stevens, J. R., Li, R., Spollen, W. G., Cox, L., Spate, L. D., Murphy, C. N., and Prather, R. S. (2013). Transcriptional profiling by RNA-Seq of peri-attachment porcine embryos generated by a variety of assisted reproductive technologies. Physiol. Genomics 45, 577–589.
| Transcriptional profiling by RNA-Seq of peri-attachment porcine embryos generated by a variety of assisted reproductive technologies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1OmtLjE&md5=f8fe49358f39672f362b15b7b20ebdc6CAS | 23695885PubMed |
Jenkins, C., Roberts, J., Wilson, R., MacLean, M. A., Shilito, J., and Walker, J. J. (2000). Evidence of a T(H)1 type response associated with recurrent miscarriage. Fertil. Steril. 73, 1206–1208.
| Evidence of a T(H)1 type response associated with recurrent miscarriage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czhsF2gug%3D%3D&md5=8e230da60759beb5a047e7fc4d7b4061CAS | 10856484PubMed |
Jin, L.-P., Chen, Q.-Y., Zhang, T., Guo, P.-F., and Li, D.-J. (2009). The CD4+CD25 bright regulatory T cells and CTLA-4 expression in peripheral and decidual lymphocytes are down-regulated in human miscarriage. Clin. Immunol. 133, 402–410.
| The CD4+CD25 bright regulatory T cells and CTLA-4 expression in peripheral and decidual lymphocytes are down-regulated in human miscarriage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlyhtLfI&md5=ef7a1980802775e930ec7aae345a45feCAS | 19766059PubMed |
Jin, L.-P., Fan, D.-X., Zhang, T., Guo, P.-F., and Li, D.-J. (2011a). The costimulatory signal upregulation is associated with Th1 bias at the maternal–fetal interface in human miscarriage. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 66, 270–278.
| The costimulatory signal upregulation is associated with Th1 bias at the maternal–fetal interface in human miscarriage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlCnsLbL&md5=ec55c82d62e697fcb73404e9df4734edCAS | 21481059PubMed |
Jin, L.-P., Fan, D.-X., and Li, D.-J. (2011b). Regulation of costimulatory signal in maternal–fetal immune tolerance. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 66, 76–83.
| Regulation of costimulatory signal in maternal–fetal immune tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVKlur7J&md5=29fb937f51a75ace3b1d7d1bdb025d27CAS | 21276120PubMed |
Keefer, C. L., Baldassarre, H., Keyston, R., Wang, B., Bhatia, B., Bilodeau, A. S., Zhou, J. F., Leduc, M., Downey, B. R., Lazaris, A., and Karatzas, C. N. (2001). Generation of dwarf goat (Capra hircus) clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro-matured oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 64, 849–856.
| Generation of dwarf goat (Capra hircus) clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro-matured oocytes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsVKjtr4%3D&md5=c33a89bbbdbaf3da0a37de41191f5168CAS | 11207200PubMed |
Keefer, C. L., Keyston, R., Lazaris, A., Bhatia, B., Begin, I., Bilodeau, A. S., Zhou, F. J., Kafidi, N., Wang, B., Baldassarre, H., and Karatzas, C. N. (2002). Production of cloned goats after nuclear transfer using adult somatic cells. Biol. Reprod. 66, 199–203.
| Production of cloned goats after nuclear transfer using adult somatic cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1yrtg%3D%3D&md5=7f026e6bafeaf3678cd270e0ce30591dCAS | 11751283PubMed |
Lan, G.-C., Chang, Z.-L., Luo, M.-J., Jiang, Y.-L., Han, D., Wu, Y.-G., Han, Z.-B., Ma, S.-F., and Tan, J.-H. (2006). Production of cloned goats by nuclear transfer of cumulus cells and long-term cultured fetal fibroblast cells into abattoir-derived oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 73, 834–840.
| Production of cloned goats by nuclear transfer of cumulus cells and long-term cultured fetal fibroblast cells into abattoir-derived oocytes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlsFaiu7c%3D&md5=a3ea00eec14b53dabf286ce298eb769fCAS | 16572465PubMed |
Lee, K., Redel, B. K., Spate, L., Teson, J., Brown, A. N., Park, K.-W., Walters, E., Samuel, M., Murphy, C. N., and Prather, R. S. (2013). Piglets produced from cloned blastocysts cultured in vitro with GM-CSF. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80, 145–154.
| Piglets produced from cloned blastocysts cultured in vitro with GM-CSF.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFOis7w%3D&md5=5e7b8c50e202f0fb406a58d11c848a8cCAS | 23239239PubMed |
Lim, K. J., Odukoya, O. A., Ajjan, R. A., Li, T. C., Weetman, A. P., and Cooke, I. D. (2000). The role of T-helper cytokines in human reproduction. Fertil. Steril. 73, 136–142.
| The role of T-helper cytokines in human reproduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fps1aruw%3D%3D&md5=bd345bec57384af65cbf4563d1723a00CAS | 10632428PubMed |
Lin, H., Mosmann, T. R., Guilbert, L., Tuntipopipat, S., and Wegmann, T. G. (1993). Synthesis of T helper 2-type cytokines at the maternal–fetal interface. J. Immunol. 151, 4562–4573.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmsFKj&md5=446fe31cdcc178269ad72aa8f6914a50CAS | 8409418PubMed |
Liu, Y. (1997). Is CTLA-4 a negative regulator for T-cell activation? Immunol. Today 18, 570–572.
| Is CTLA-4 a negative regulator for T-cell activation?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Livak, K. J., and Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 25, 402–408.
| Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtFelt7s%3D&md5=6db539426b70529f14f65734e4c1d0f6CAS | 11846609PubMed |
Loi, P., Clinton, M., Vackova, I., Fulka, J., Feil, R., Palmieri, C., Salda, L. D., and Ptak, G. (2006). Placental abnormalities associated with post-natal mortality in sheep somatic cell clones. Theriogenology 65, 1110–1121.
| Placental abnormalities associated with post-natal mortality in sheep somatic cell clones.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16154189PubMed |
Loureiro, B., Bonilla, L., Block, J., Fear, J. M., Bonilla, A. Q. S., and Hansen, P. J. (2009). Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF-2) improves development and posttransfer survival of bovine embryos produced in vitro. Endocrinology 150, 5046–5054.
| Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF-2) improves development and posttransfer survival of bovine embryos produced in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVCht7bF&md5=44d39c2b40ff24fdb2b7f1a92d649153CAS | 19797121PubMed |
Mansouri-Attia, N., Sandra, O., Aubert, J., Degrelle, S., Everts, R. E., Giraud-Delville, C., Heyman, Y., Galio, L., Hue, I., Yang, X., Tian, X. C., Lewin, H. A., and Renard, J.-P. (2009). Endometrium as an early sensor of in vitro embryo manipulation technologies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 5687–5692.
| Endometrium as an early sensor of in vitro embryo manipulation technologies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXkvFGhurY%3D&md5=049ad45de0d722a3086ea994b9d4a7b5CAS | 19297625PubMed |
Mapletoft, R. J., and Hasler, J. F. (2005). Assisted reproductive technologies in cattle: a review. Rev. Sci. Tech. 24, 393–403.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvksVaitw%3D%3D&md5=f6fd5437f23d5412d286c6be0e141d53CAS | 16110904PubMed |
McMillen, I. C., and Robinson, J. S. (2005). Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol. Rev. 85, 571–633.
| Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjt12lsLw%3D&md5=5b8ebe3db481e7ed539d56393efdc857CAS | 15788706PubMed |
Moldenhauer, L. M., Diener, K. R., Thring, D. M., Brown, M. P., Hayball, J. D., and Robertson, S. A. (2009). Cross-presentation of male seminal fluid antigens elicits T cell activation to initiate the female immune response to pregnancy. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 182, 8080–8093.
| Cross-presentation of male seminal fluid antigens elicits T cell activation to initiate the female immune response to pregnancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmslCntbc%3D&md5=f90fdb0a03a1df18ac3e4a318eeca204CAS |
Oback, B. (2008). Climbing Mount Efficiency: small steps, not giant leaps towards higher cloning success in farm animals. Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene 43, 407–416.
| Climbing Mount Efficiency: small steps, not giant leaps towards higher cloning success in farm animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18638154PubMed |
Oliveira, L. J., Mansourri-Attia, N., Fahey, A. G., Browne, J., Forde, N., Roche, J. F., Lonergan, P., and Fair, T. (2013). Characterization of the Th profile of the bovine endometrium during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. PLoS One 8, e75571.
| Characterization of the Th profile of the bovine endometrium during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslWks7rE&md5=251c4f54b82d4e1a029a8f8ec7cb5c8cCAS | 24204576PubMed |
Ouyang, W., Rutz, S., Crellin, N. K., Valdez, P. A., and Hymowitz, S. G. (2011). Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 29, 71–109.
| Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXltlKnsrc%3D&md5=0964198b89ce44d258b7c3f08eb09d5aCAS | 21166540PubMed |
Palmieri, C., Loi, P., Reynolds, L. P., Ptak, G., and Della Salda, L. (2007). Placental abnormalities in ovine somatic cell clones at term: a light and electron microscopic investigation. Placenta 28, 577–584.
| Placental abnormalities in ovine somatic cell clones at term: a light and electron microscopic investigation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXksV2mt78%3D&md5=6b6ccd0a24398fb0ebbe567802e4f5d4CAS | 17056108PubMed |
Piccinni, M. P., Scaletti, C., Maggi, E., and Romagnani, S. (2000). Role of hormone-controlled Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in successful pregnancy. J. Neuroimmunol. 109, 30–33.
| Role of hormone-controlled Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in successful pregnancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtVCku70%3D&md5=9ecba1f3a9bc884c95cd01cfd7e1bc6bCAS | 10969178PubMed |
Polejaeva, I. A., Broek, D. M., Walker, S. C., Zhou, W., Walton, M., Benninghoff, A. D., and Faber, D. C. (2013). Longitudinal study of reproductive performance of female cattle produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. PLoS One 8, e84283.
| Longitudinal study of reproductive performance of female cattle produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24391930PubMed |
Prins, J. R., Gomez-Lopez, N., and Robertson, S. A. (2012). Interleukin-6 in pregnancy and gestational disorders. J. Reprod. Immunol. 95, 1–14.
| Interleukin-6 in pregnancy and gestational disorders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhtlait77F&md5=be92da92629bc4bea3685f5385c40d47CAS | 22819759PubMed |
Raghupathy, R. (1997). Th1-type immunity is incompatible with successful pregnancy. Immunol. Today 18, 478–482.
| Th1-type immunity is incompatible with successful pregnancy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmvFensLs%3D&md5=0f85979cae451594131cefc7d683de66CAS | 9357139PubMed |
Reggio, B. C., James, A. N., Green, H. L., Gavin, W. G., Behboodi, E., Echelard, Y., and Godke, R. A. (2001). Cloned transgenic offspring resulting from somatic cell nuclear transfer in the goat: oocytes derived from both follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated and nonstimulated abattoir-derived ovaries. Biol. Reprod. 65, 1528–1533.
| Cloned transgenic offspring resulting from somatic cell nuclear transfer in the goat: oocytes derived from both follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated and nonstimulated abattoir-derived ovaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvVersLw%3D&md5=ad42851f8b657b066f1314928920fa7aCAS | 11673271PubMed |
Robertson, S. A., Sjöblom, C., Jasper, M. J., Norman, R. J., and Seamark, R. F. (2001). Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes glucose transport and blastomere viability in murine preimplantation embryos. Biol. Reprod. 64, 1206–1215.
| Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes glucose transport and blastomere viability in murine preimplantation embryos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXit1aru7c%3D&md5=e44b5511a5045e62e844d7ff920d3856CAS | 11259269PubMed |
Robertson, S. A., Guerin, L. R., Moldenhauer, L. M., and Hayball, J. D. (2009). Activating T regulatory cells for tolerance in early pregnancy: the contribution of seminal fluid. J. Reprod. Immunol. 83, 109–116.
| Activating T regulatory cells for tolerance in early pregnancy: the contribution of seminal fluid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVynsbbJ&md5=ff13c1ef2e33687b43e1f9205ec03d3cCAS | 19875178PubMed |
Rodgers, J. R., and Cook, R. G. (2005). MHC class Ib molecules bridge innate and acquired immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5, 459–471.
| MHC class Ib molecules bridge innate and acquired immunity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXks1GmsLY%3D&md5=5bce6d447d45c6ca53dfeb71f4ed4479CAS | 15928678PubMed |
Rodríguez-Alvarez, L., Sharbati, J., Sharbati, S., Cox, J. F., Einspanier, R., and Castro, F. O. (2010a). Differential gene expression in bovine elongated (Day 17) embryos produced by somatic cell nucleus transfer and in vitro fertilization. Theriogenology 74, 45–59.
| Differential gene expression in bovine elongated (Day 17) embryos produced by somatic cell nucleus transfer and in vitro fertilization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20197198PubMed |
Rodríguez-Alvarez, L., Cox, J., Tovar, H., Einspanier, R., and Castro, F. O. (2010b). Changes in the expression of pluripotency-associated genes during preimplantation and peri-implantation stages in bovine cloned and in vitro produced embryos. Zygote 18, 269–279.
| Changes in the expression of pluripotency-associated genes during preimplantation and peri-implantation stages in bovine cloned and in vitro produced embryos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20429963PubMed |
Rosbottom, A., Gibney, H., Kaiser, P., Hartley, C., Smith, R. F., Robinson, R., Kipar, A., and Williams, D. J. L. (2011). Up regulation of the maternal immune response in the placenta of cattle naturally infected with Neospora caninum. PLoS One 6, e15799.
| Up regulation of the maternal immune response in the placenta of cattle naturally infected with Neospora caninum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1Kktrw%3D&md5=dc555181a2742c6255ed1eb4c2ce2db7CAS | 21283810PubMed |
Roth, T. L., White, K. L., and Horohov, D. W. (1991). Suppression of sheep and goat lymphocyte proliferation by sheep, goat, and sheep × goat hybrid trophoblast tissue cultures. J. Anim. Sci. 69, 4563–4569.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FptFaqsw%3D%3D&md5=f51b9861d99ff1150046b4f0801cd87cCAS | 1752830PubMed |
Sargent, I. L., Borzychowski, A. M., and Redman, C. W. G. (2006). NK cells and human pregnancy: an inflammatory view. Trends Immunol. 27, 399–404.
| NK cells and human pregnancy: an inflammatory view.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XotlKhtrg%3D&md5=c6e4095a804883ad59a5e9e51ed81abcCAS | 16843067PubMed |
Schnieke, A. E., Kind, A. J., Ritchie, W. A., Mycock, K., Scott, A. R., Ritchie, M., Wilmut, I., Colman, A., and Campbell, K. H. (1997). Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science 278, 2130–2133.
| Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhvFyh&md5=c92350b6ce4cd6bd03de7d526dabf538CAS | 9405350PubMed |
Shaarawy, M., and Nagui, A. R. (1997). Enhanced expression of cytokines may play a fundamental role in the mechanisms of immunologically mediated recurrent spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 76, 205–211.
| Enhanced expression of cytokines may play a fundamental role in the mechanisms of immunologically mediated recurrent spontaneous abortion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ks12rtQ%3D%3D&md5=8950143378052dc0620958fdbd594644CAS | 9093132PubMed |
Shevell, T., Malone, F. D., Vidaver, J., Porter, T. F., Luthy, D. A., Comstock, C. H., Hankins, G. D., Eddleman, K., Dolan, S., Dugoff, L., Craigo, S., Timor, I. E., Carr, S. R., Wolfe, H. M., Bianchi, D. W., and D’Alton, M. E. (2005). Assisted reproductive technology and pregnancy outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 106, 1039–1045.
| Assisted reproductive technology and pregnancy outcome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16260523PubMed |
Shima, T., Sasaki, Y., Itoh, M., Nakashima, A., Ishii, N., Sugamura, K., and Saito, S. (2010). Regulatory T cells are necessary for implantation and maintenance of early pregnancy but not late pregnancy in allogeneic mice. J. Reprod. Immunol. 85, 121–129.
| Regulatory T cells are necessary for implantation and maintenance of early pregnancy but not late pregnancy in allogeneic mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXntlGht7k%3D&md5=8efe083095d807a6d4b2f23c1619eb7fCAS | 20439117PubMed |
Sjöblom, C., Roberts, C. T., Wikland, M., and Robertson, S. A. (2005). Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor alleviates adverse consequences of embryo culture on fetal growth trajectory and placental morphogenesis. Endocrinology 146, 2142–2153.
| Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor alleviates adverse consequences of embryo culture on fetal growth trajectory and placental morphogenesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15705781PubMed |
Spurgeon, S. L., Jones, R. C., and Ramakrishnan, R. (2008). High throughput gene expression measurement with real time PCR in a microfluidic dynamic array. PloS One 3, e1662.
| High throughput gene expression measurement with real time PCR in a microfluidic dynamic array.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18301740PubMed |
Tangri, S., and Raghupathy, R. (1993). Expression of cytokines in placentas of mice undergoing immunologically mediated spontaneous fetal resorptions. Biol. Reprod. 49, 850–856.
| Expression of cytokines in placentas of mice undergoing immunologically mediated spontaneous fetal resorptions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmsVOksb8%3D&md5=dfd9bb7869df6bee53a777ad727e9065CAS | 8218651PubMed |
Trowsdale, J., and Betz, A. G. (2006). Mother’s little helpers: mechanisms of maternal–fetal tolerance. Nat. Immunol. 7, 241–246.
| Mother’s little helpers: mechanisms of maternal–fetal tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhsVSrs7g%3D&md5=fbcb1480828e8c03eedc0e84c8a202ffCAS | 16482172PubMed |
Walker, S. K., Hill, J. L., Kleemann, D. O., and Nancarrow, C. D. (1996). Development of ovine embryos in synthetic oviductal fluid containing amino acids at oviductal fluid concentrations. Biol. Reprod. 55, 703–708.
| Development of ovine embryos in synthetic oviductal fluid containing amino acids at oviductal fluid concentrations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XltlKgurw%3D&md5=22307b2f2a95d125bd2a411abf60c997CAS | 8862790PubMed |
Wang, W.-J., Hao, C.-F., Yi-Lin, , Yin, G.-J., Bao, S.-H., Qiu, L.-H., and Lin, Q.-D. (2010). Increased prevalence of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in peripheral blood and decidua in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion patients. J. Reprod. Immunol. 84, 164–170.
| Increased prevalence of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in peripheral blood and decidua in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXit1Kiu70%3D&md5=738f2cb868d7a764df366cbb93e87e3bCAS | 20106535PubMed |
Wegmann, T. G., Lin, H., Guilbert, L., and Mosmann, T. R. (1993). Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal–fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol. Today 14, 353–356.
| Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal–fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlsFOksL0%3D&md5=868108a6c5f87b1f50927d37dca1a3d0CAS | 8363725PubMed |
Wells, D. N., Misica, P. M., Day, T. A., and Tervit, H. R. (1997). Production of cloned lambs from an established embryonic cell line: a comparison between in vivo- and in vitro-matured cytoplasts. Biol. Reprod. 57, 385–393.
| Production of cloned lambs from an established embryonic cell line: a comparison between in vivo- and in vitro-matured cytoplasts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkslWgtLg%3D&md5=6fdc11f8174d20037bd2abfb7a475defCAS | 9241054PubMed |
Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A. E., McWhir, J., Kind, A. J., and Campbell, K. H. (1997). Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385, 810–813.
| Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhsFamsLs%3D&md5=b342bc4ed2627defdfde20d0e99d7404CAS | 9039911PubMed |
Wilmut, I., Beaujean, N., de Sousa, P. A., Dinnyes, A., King, T. J., Paterson, L. A., Wells, D. N., and Young, L. E. (2002). Somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature 419, 583–587.
| Somatic cell nuclear transfer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xns1Ont7Y%3D&md5=f22cd6a1535370c54aa9c472d9b78fd7CAS | 12374931PubMed |
Young, L. E., Sinclair, K. D., and Wilmut, I. (1998). Large offspring syndrome in cattle and sheep. Rev. Reprod. 3, 155–163.
| Large offspring syndrome in cattle and sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntlaltL8%3D&md5=f8b310dcfcc67e4119d2de803ac03ef6CAS | 9829550PubMed |
Young, L. E., Schnieke, A. E., McCreath, K. J., Wieckowski, S., Konfortova, G., Fernandes, K., Ptak, G., Kind, A. J., Wilmut, I., Loi, P., and Feil, R. (2003). Conservation of IGF2–H19 and IGF2R imprinting in sheep: effects of somatic cell nuclear transfer. Mech. Dev. 120, 1433–1442.
| Conservation of IGF2–H19 and IGF2R imprinting in sheep: effects of somatic cell nuclear transfer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptlyns7Y%3D&md5=2741d0e4304ca7fe83062083648fb95cCAS | 14654216PubMed |
Zhou, Z.-R., Zhong, B.-S., Jia, R.-X., Wan, Y.-J., Zhang, Y.-L., Fan, Y.-X., Wang, L.-Z., You, J.-H., Wang, Z.-Y., and Wang, F. (2013). Production of myostatin-targeted goat by nuclear transfer from cultured adult somatic cells. Theriogenology 79, 225–233.
| Production of myostatin-targeted goat by nuclear transfer from cultured adult somatic cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslSmurjE&md5=b11f93dbcc3d8e774e919bf24a0ca772CAS | 23174778PubMed |
Zhu, C., Li, B., Yu, G., Chen, J., Yu, H., Chen, J., Xu, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, A., and Cheng, G. (2009). Production of Prnp–/– goats by gene targeting in adult fibroblasts. Transgenic Res. 18, 163–171.
| Production of Prnp–/– goats by gene targeting in adult fibroblasts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivVGnsrc%3D&md5=1627be7a4088dfe951a165d11d6d8600CAS | 18821027PubMed |
Ziebe, S., Loft, A., Povlsen, B. B., Erb, K., Agerholm, I., Aasted, M., Gabrielsen, A., Hnida, C., Zobel, D. P., Munding, B., Bendz, S. H., and Robertson, S. A. (2013). A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in embryo culture medium for in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 99, 1600–1609.
| A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in embryo culture medium for in vitro fertilization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXit1Khtr0%3D&md5=c756a3eafa627f60522206acae1e6764CAS | 23380186PubMed |
