Register      Login
Australian Journal of Primary Health Australian Journal of Primary Health Society
The issues influencing community health services and primary health care
RESEARCH ARTICLE

‘It is just part of life’: patient perspectives and experiences of diagnostic imaging referrals

Chandra Rekha Makanjee A E , Deon Xu B , Drishti Sarswat C and Anne-Marie Bergh D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Medical Radiation Science, University of Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia.

B Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.

C South East Radiology, Nowra, NSW 2541, Australia.

D Research Centre for Maternal, Fetal, Newborn and Child Health Care Strategies, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

E Corresponding author. Email: chandra.makanjee@canberra.edu.au

Australian Journal of Primary Health 26(6) 507-513 https://doi.org/10.1071/PY20146
Submitted: 17 June 2020  Accepted: 24 September 2020   Published: 20 November 2020

Abstract

Referral for a medical imaging examination is an integral part of the medical consultation; however, not much is known about patients’ experience of these referrals. The life-world experiences and perspectives of patients as ‘persons’ referred for an imaging investigation are explored through the lens of person-centred and whole-person care. Individual interviews were conducted with 22 patients referred for an imaging investigation. The findings were interpreted in terms of the journey of a patient; that is, the processes the patient undergoes as a person in the course of a referral for a diagnostic imaging investigation as part of the disease and its treatment. Participants’ life and health journeys are described in terms of three themes: (1) events leading to an imaging examination; (2) the imaging referral experience embedded within the medical encounter; and (3) the integration of the findings of the imaging examination into their everyday life. Health practitioners should be mindful of the complexity of medical consultations that include a referral for an imaging investigation.

Keywords: life events, lived experience, person-centred care, qualitative research.


References

Abujudeh HH, Kaewlai R, Asfaw BA, Thrall JH (2010) Quality initiatives: key performance indicators for measuring and improving radiology department performance. Radiographics 30, 571–580.
Quality initiatives: key performance indicators for measuring and improving radiology department performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20219841PubMed |

De Vincentis G, Monari F, Baldari S, Salgarello M, Frantellizzi V, Salvi E, Reale L, Napolitano S, Conti G, Cortesi E (2018) Narrative medicine in metastatic prostate cancer reveals ways to improve patient awareness & quality of care. Future Oncology (London, England) 14, 2821–2832.
Narrative medicine in metastatic prostate cancer reveals ways to improve patient awareness & quality of care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dobson C, Russell A, Brown S, Rubin G (2018) The role of social context in symptom appraisal and help-seeking among people with lung or colorectal symptoms: a qualitative interview study. European Journal of Cancer Care 27, e12815
The role of social context in symptom appraisal and help-seeking among people with lung or colorectal symptoms: a qualitative interview study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29419943PubMed |

Ekman I, Swedberg K, Taft C, Lindseth A, Norberg A, Brink E, Carlsson J, Dahlin-Ivanoff S, Johansson I-L, Kjellgren K, Lidén E, Öhlén J, Olsson L-E, Rosén H, Rydmark M, Sunnerhagen KS (2011) Person-centered care - ready for prime time. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 10, 248–251.
Person-centered care - ready for prime time.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21764386PubMed |

Elmore N, Burt J, Abel G, Maratos FA, Montague J, Campbell J, Roland M (2016) Investigating the relationship between consultation length and patient experience: a cross-sectional study in primary care. The British Journal of General Practice 66, e896–e903.
Investigating the relationship between consultation length and patient experience: a cross-sectional study in primary care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27777231PubMed |

Entwistle VA, Watt IS (2013) Treating patients as persons: a capabilities approach to support delivery of person-centered care. The American Journal of Bioethics 13, 29–39.
Treating patients as persons: a capabilities approach to support delivery of person-centered care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23862598PubMed |

Evers S, Hsu C, Sherman KJ, Balderson B, Hawkes R, Brewer G, La Porte AM, Yeoman J, Cherkin D (2017) Patient perspectives on communication with primary care physicians about chronic low back pain. The Permanente Journal 21, 16-177
Patient perspectives on communication with primary care physicians about chronic low back pain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29035178PubMed |

Gabrielsson S, Sävenstedt S, Zingmark K (2015) Person centred care: clarifying the concept in the context of inpatient psychiatry. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 29, 555–562.
Person centred care: clarifying the concept in the context of inpatient psychiatry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25377095PubMed |

Goodrich J, Cornwell J (2008) Seeing the person in the patient. The Point of Care review paper. (The King’s Fund: London, UK) Available at https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/seeing-person-patient [Verified 12 June 2020]

Håkansson Eklund J, Holmström IK, Kumlin T, Kaminsky E, Skoglund K, Höglander J, Sundler AJ, Condén E, Summer Meranius M (2019) “Same same or different?” A review of reviews of person-centered and patient-centered care. Patient Education and Counseling 102, 3–11.
“Same same or different?” A review of reviews of person-centered and patient-centered care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30201221PubMed |

Hansen E, Walters J, Howes F (2016) Whole person care, patient-centred care and clinical practice guidelines in general practice. Health Sociology Review 25, 157–170.
Whole person care, patient-centred care and clinical practice guidelines in general practice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hayre C, Blackman S, Eyden A (2016) Do general radiographic examinations resemble a person-centred environment? Radiography 22, e245–e251.
Do general radiographic examinations resemble a person-centred environment?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hyde E, Hardy M (2020) Patient centred care in diagnostic radiography (part 1): perceptions of service users and service deliverers. Radiography
Patient centred care in diagnostic radiography (part 1): perceptions of service users and service deliverers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33039253PubMed |

Lumbreras B, Vilar J, González-Álvarez I, Guilabert M, Pastor-Valero M, Parker LA, Vilar-Palop J, Hernández-Aguado I (2017) Avoiding fears and promoting shared decision-making: how should physicians inform patients about radiation exposure from imaging tests? PLoS One 12, e0180592
Avoiding fears and promoting shared decision-making: how should physicians inform patients about radiation exposure from imaging tests?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28686656PubMed |

Makanjee CR, Bergh A-M, Hoffmann WA (2015) Healthcare provider and patient perspectives on diagnostic imaging investigations. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 7, 801
Healthcare provider and patient perspectives on diagnostic imaging investigations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Makanjee CR, Bergh A-M, Hoffmann WA (2018) Distributed decision making in action: diagnostic imaging investigations within the bigger picture. Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences 65, 5–12.
Distributed decision making in action: diagnostic imaging investigations within the bigger picture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29130645PubMed |

Mazzi MA, Rimondini M, Boerma WG, Zimmermann C, Bensing JM (2016) How patients would like to improve medical consultations: insights from a multicentre European study. Patient Education and Counseling 99, 51–60.
How patients would like to improve medical consultations: insights from a multicentre European study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26337005PubMed |

McCormack B (2003) A conceptual framework for person centred practice with older people. International Journal of Nursing Practice 9, 202–209.
A conceptual framework for person centred practice with older people.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12801252PubMed |

McCormack B (2004) Person centredness in gerontological nursing: an overview of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing 13, 31–38.
Person centredness in gerontological nursing: an overview of the literature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15028037PubMed |

Møller Christensen B, Nilsson S, Stensson M (2020) Developing communication support for interaction with children during acute radiographic procedures. Radiography 26, 96–101.
Developing communication support for interaction with children during acute radiographic procedures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32052745PubMed |

Plevinsky JM, Greenley RN, Fishman LN (2016) Self-management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: strategies, outcomes, and integration into clinical care. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology 9, 259–267.
Self-management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: strategies, outcomes, and integration into clinical care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27601930PubMed |

Pollard N, Lincoln M, Nisbet G, Penman M (2019) Patient perceptions of communication with diagnostic radiographers. Radiography 25, 333–338.
Patient perceptions of communication with diagnostic radiographers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31582241PubMed |

Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, Baker S, Waterfield J, Bartlam B, Burroughs H, Jinks C (2018) Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity 52, 1893–1907.
Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schreier M (2019) Content analysis, qualitative. In ‘SAGE Research Methods Foundations’. (Eds P Atkinson, S Delamont, A Cernat, Sakshaugh JW, Williams RA) Available at https://methods.sagepub.com/foundations/qualitative-content-analysis [Verified 28 March 2020]

Sharp S, McAllister M, Broadbent M (2016) The vital blend of clinical competence and compassion: how patients experience person-centred care. Contemporary Nurse 52, 300–312.
The vital blend of clinical competence and compassion: how patients experience person-centred care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26077823PubMed |

Singh N, Mohacsy A, Connell D, Schneider ME (2017) A snapshot of patients’ awareness of radiation dose and risks associated with medical imaging examinations at an Australian radiology clinic. Radiography 23, 94–102.
A snapshot of patients’ awareness of radiation dose and risks associated with medical imaging examinations at an Australian radiology clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28390555PubMed |

Taylor SP (2018) Critical realism vs social constructionism & social constructivism: application to a social housing research study. International Journal of Sciences, Basic and Applied Research 37, 216–222.

Thomas A, Menon A, Boruff J, Rodriguez AM, Ahmed S (2014) Applications of social constructivist learning theories in knowledge translation for healthcare professionals: a scoping review. Implementation Science 9, 54
Applications of social constructivist learning theories in knowledge translation for healthcare professionals: a scoping review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24885925PubMed |

Thomas H, Best M, Mitchell G (2020) Whole-person care in general practice: the nature of whole-person care. Australian Journal of General Practice 49, 54–60.
Whole-person care in general practice: the nature of whole-person care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32008275PubMed |

Vrinten C, McGregor LM, Heinrich M, von Wagner C, Waller J, Wardle J, Black GB (2017) What do people fear about cancer? A systematic review and meta synthesis of cancer fears in the general population. Psycho-Oncology 26, 1070–1079.
What do people fear about cancer? A systematic review and meta synthesis of cancer fears in the general population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27643482PubMed |

Wheat H, Horrell J, Valderas JM, Close J, Fosh B, Lloyd H (2018) Can practitioners use patient reported measures to enhance person centred coordinated care in practice? A qualitative study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 16, 223
Can practitioners use patient reported measures to enhance person centred coordinated care in practice? A qualitative study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30509311PubMed |

Whittemore R (2005) Analysis of integration in nursing science and practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 37, 261–267.
Analysis of integration in nursing science and practice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16235868PubMed |

Whittemore R, Dixon J (2008) Chronic illness: the process of integration. Journal of Clinical Nursing 17, 177–187.
Chronic illness: the process of integration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18578794PubMed |

Yusuf GT, Sellars ME, Deganello A, Cosgrove DO, Sidhu PS (2017) Retrospective analysis of the safety and cost implications of pediatric contrast-enhanced ultrasound at a single center. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 208, 446–452.
Retrospective analysis of the safety and cost implications of pediatric contrast-enhanced ultrasound at a single center.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27959665PubMed |