Changes in the fish assemblages along the Busselton Jetty, and a comparison with natural habitats

Madeleine S. Scanlon; Euan S. Harvey; Jack R. C. Parker; Isabella M. Mullins; Sophie A. Teede; Benjamin J. Saunders

doi:10.1071/MF24011

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 75(13)

Changes in the fish assemblages along the Busselton Jetty, and a comparison with natural habitats

Madeleine S. Scanlon

^A ^* , Euan S. Harvey ^A , Jack R. C. Parker ^A , Isabella M. Mullins ^A , Sophie A. Teede ^B and Benjamin J. Saunders ^A

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.

^B Busselton Jetty, 17 Foreshore Parade, Busselton, WA, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: madi.scanlon@curtin.edu.au

Handling Editor: Michael Kingsford

Marine and Freshwater Research 75, MF24011 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF24011

Submitted: 17 January 2024 Accepted: 13 August 2024 Published: 4 September 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC)

Abstract

Context

In Western Australia, the heritage-listed Busselton Jetty is a popular tourism, fishing and diving destination renowned for its unique marine communities.

Aims

This research describes and quantifies the fish assemblages (mean number of individuals, species diversity and biomass) at the Busselton Jetty, and makes comparisons with natural habitats in Geographe Bay.

Methods

Diver-operated stereo-video systems filmed 25-m transects along the length of the jetty, and a remotely operated vehicle stereo-video filmed 25-m transects in nearby reef, seagrass and sand habitats. Fish at all habitats were counted, identified and measured.

Results

Fish assemblages at the defined inshore, mid-shore and offshore zones of the jetty differed significantly, whereas the number of fish, species diversity and biomass increased with distance from shore. There was no measurable effect of protection within the small sanctuary zone at the end of the jetty. Fish assemblages at the jetty differed from those in all three natural habitats, and the number of fish, species diversity and biomass were highest at the natural reef, followed by the jetty, the seagrass and the sand habitats.

Conclusions

The Busselton Jetty supports a distinctive fish assemblage, high species diversity and a variety of benthic communities. Changes in the fish assemblages were attributed to differences in habitat type, complexity, depth and distance from shore.

Implications

The ecological and social benefits of future man-made marine structures can be optimised by incorporating design features that promote habitat diversity and complexity.

Keywords: artificial reef, Busselton, fish assemblages, Geographe Bay, habitat comparison, habitat complexity, jetty, pier, stereo-DOV, stereo-ROV.

References

Able KW, Grothues TM, Kemp IM (2013) Fine-scale distribution of pelagic fishes relative to a large urban pier. Marine Ecology Progress Series 476, 185-198.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Airoldi L, Turon X, Perkol-Finkel S, Rius M (2015) Corridors for aliens but not for natives: effects of marine urban sprawl at a regional scale. Diversity and Distributions 21, 755-768.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Althaus F, Hill N, Ferrari R, Edwards L, Przeslawski R, Schönberg CHL, Stuart-Smith R, Barrett N, Edgar G, Colquhoun J, Tran M, Jordan A, Rees T, Gowlett-Holmes K (2015) A standardised vocabulary for identifying benthic biota and substrata from underwater imagery: the CATAMI classification scheme. PLoS ONE 10, e0141039.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ambrose RF, Swarbrick SL (1989) Comparison of fish assemblages on artificial and natural reefs off the coast of southern California. Bulletin of Marine Science 44, 718-733.
| Google Scholar |

Anderson MJ (2006) Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics 62, 245-253.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Anderson MJ, Robinson J (2003) Generalized discriminant analysis based on distances. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics 45, 301-318.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Anderson M, Gorley RN, Clarke RK (2008) ‘Permanova+ for primer: guide to software and statistical methods.’ (Primer-E Limited: Plymouth, UK)

Arena PT, Jordan LKB, Spieler RE (2007) Fish assemblages on sunken vessels and natural reefs in southeast Florida, USA. Hydrobiologia 580, 157-171.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ashley MC, Mangi SC, Rodwell LD (2014) The potential of offshore windfarms to act as marine protected areas – a systematic review of current evidence. Marine Policy 45, 301-309.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bach LL, Saunders BJ, Newman SJ, Holmes TH, Harvey ES (2019) Cross and long-shore variations in reef fish assemblage structure and implications for biodiversity management. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 218, 246-257.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Baine M (2001) Artificial reefs: a review of their design, application, management and performance. Ocean & Coastal Management 44, 241-259.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Baker DGL, Eddy TD, McIver R, Schmidt AL, Thériault M-H, Boudreau M, Courtenay SC, Lotze HK (2016) Comparative analysis of different survey methods for monitoring fish assemblages in coastal habitats. PeerJ 4, e1832.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Becker A, Taylor MD, Folpp H, Lowry MB (2018) Managing the development of artificial reef systems: the need for quantitative goals. Fish and Fisheries 19, 740-752.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Becker A, Taylor M, Folpp H, Lowry M (2022) Revisiting an artificial reef after 10 years: what has changed and what remains the same? Fisheries Research 249, 106261.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Belhassen Y, Rousseau M, Tynyakov J, Shashar N (2017) Evaluating the attractiveness and effectiveness of artificial coral reefs as a recreational ecosystem service. Journal of Environmental Management 203, 448-456.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bell JD (1983) Effects of depth and marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure of a rocky reef fish assemblage in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology 20, 357-369.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bellchambers LM, Smith KD, Harris D (2006) An assessment of the blue swimmer crab fishery in Geographe Bay. Fisheries research report number 158. (Department of Fisheries, Perth, Western Australia: Perth, WA, Australia) Available at https://www.fish.wa.gov.au/documents/research_reports/frr158.pdf

Bonnici L, Borg JA, Evans J, Lanfranco S, Schembri PJ (2018) Of rocks and hard places: comparing biotic assemblages on concrete jetties versus natural rock along a microtidal Mediterranean shore. Journal of Coastal Research 345, 1136-1148.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Borland HP, Schlacher TA, Gilby BL, Connolly RM, Yabsley NA, Olds AD (2017) Habitat type and beach exposure shape fish assemblages in the surf zones of ocean beaches. Marine Ecology Progress Series 570, 203-211.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Burt J, Bartholomew A, Sale PF (2011) Benthic development on large-scale engineered reefs: a comparison of communities among breakwaters of different age and natural reefs. Ecological Engineering 37, 191-198.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Burt JA, Feary DA, Cavalcante G, Bauman AG, Usseglio P (2013) Urban breakwaters as reef fish habitat in the Persian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 72, 342-350.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Busselton Jetty Inc. (2023) The Jetty – timeline. Available at https://www.busseltonjetty.com.au/jetty-history/jetty-timeline/

Butler AJ, Connolly RM (1999) Assemblages of sessile marine invertebrates: still changing after all these years? Marine Ecology Progress Series 182, 109-118.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Carr MH, Hixon MA (1997) Artificial reefs: the importance of comparisons with natural reefs. Fisheries 22, 28-33.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Champion C, Suthers IM, Smith JA (2015) Zooplanktivory is a key process for fish production on a coastal artificial reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 541, 1-14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chan KMA, Shaw MR, Cameron DR, Underwood EC, Daily GC (2006) Conservation planning for ecosystem services. PLoS Biology 4, e379.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Chapman MG, Underwood AJ (2011) Evaluation of ecological engineering of ‘armoured’ shorelines to improve their value as habitat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 400, 302-313.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Clarke KR, Gorley RN (2015) ‘Getting started with PRIMER v7.’ (PRIMER-E: Plymouth, UK)

Clarke KR, Somerfield PJ, Chapman MG (2006) On resemblance measures for ecological studies, including taxonomic dissimilarities and a zero-adjusted Bray–Curtis coefficient for denuded assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 330, 55-80.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Claudet J, Pelletier D (2004) Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: a review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquatic Living Resources 17, 129-138.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Claudet J, Osenberg CW, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Domenici P, García-Charton J-A, Pérez-Ruzafa Á, Badalamenti F, Bayle-Sempere J, Brito A, Bulleri F, Culioli J-M, Dimech M, Falcón JM, Guala I, Milazzo M, Sánchez-Meca J, Somerfield PJ, Stobart B, Vandeperre F, Valle C, Planes S (2008) Marine reserves: size and age do matter. Ecology Letters 11, 481-489.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Clynick BG, Chapman MG, Underwood AJ (2008) Fish assemblages associated with urban structures and natural reefs in Sydney, Australia. Austral Ecology 33, 140-150.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cvitanovic C, Mackay M, Kelly R, Wilson SK, Waples K, Nash KL, van Putten EI, Field S, Botterill-James T, Austin BJ, Beckley LE, Boschetti F, Depczynski M, Dobbs RJ, Evans RD, Feng M, Goater RK, Halford AR, Kendrick A, Kendrick GA, Lincoln GDB, Ludgerus LJ, Lowe RJ, McMahon K, Munro JK, Newman SJ, Nutt C, Pearson L, O’Leary MJ, Richards ZT, Robbins WD, Rogers DI, Salgado Kent CP, Schoepf V, Travers MJ, Thums M, Tucker AD, Underwood JN, Whiting S, Mathews D (2021) Thirty critical research needs for managing an ecologically and culturally unique remote marine environment: the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Ocean & Coastal Management 212, 105771.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dafforn KA, Glasby TM, Airoldi L, Rivero NK, Mayer-Pinto M, Johnston EL (2015) Marine urbanization: an ecological framework for designing multifunctional artificial structures. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13, 82-90.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Department of Environment and Conservation (2013) Ngari Capes management plan 2013–2023, Management plan number 74. (Department of Environment and Conservation: Perth, WA, Australia) Available at https://www.dbca.wa.gov.au/management/plans/ngari-capes-marine-park

Di Franco A, Plass-Johnson JG, Di Lorenzo M, Meola B, Claudet J, Gaines SD, García-Charton JA, Giakoumi S, Grorud-Colvert K, Hackradt CW, Micheli F, Guidetti P (2018) Linking home ranges to protected area size: the case study of the Mediterranean Sea. Biological Conservation 221, 175-181.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Director of National Parks (2018) South-west Marine Parks network management plan 2018. (Director of National Parks: Canberra, ACT, Australia) Available at https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/parks/south-west/plans/

Duarte CM, Pitt KA, Lucas CH, Purcell JE, Uye S-I, Robinson K, Brotz L, Decker MB, Sutherland KR, Malej A, Madin L, Mianzan H, Gili J-M, Fuentes V, Atienza D, Pagés F, Breitburg D, Malek J, Graham WM, Condon RH (2013) Is global ocean sprawl a cause of jellyfish blooms? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11, 91-97.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Duffy-Anderson JT, Manderson JP, Able KW (2003) A characterization of juvenile fish assemblages around man-made structures in the New York–New Jersey Harbor estuary, USA. Bulletin of Marine Science 72, 877-889.
| Google Scholar |

Edgar GJ, Stuart-Smith RD (2009) Ecological effects of marine protected areas on rocky reef communities – a continental-scale analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388, 51-62.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Elrick-Barr CE, Zimmerhackel JS, Hill G, Clifton J, Ackermann F, Burton M, Harvey ES (2022) Man-made structures in the marine environment: a review of stakeholders’ social and economic values and perceptions. Environmental Science & Policy 129, 12-18.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fabi G, Grati F, Puletti M, Scarcella G (2004) Effects on fish community induced by installation of two gas platforms in the Adriatic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 273, 187-197.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fahner C, Pattiaratchi C (1994) The physical oceanography of Geographe Bay, Western Australia. Geographe Bay Summary Report, Wastewater 2040 Strategy for the South-West Region. Water Authority of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.

Ferrari R, Malcolm HA, Byrne M, Friedman A, Williams SB, Schultz A, Jordan AR, Figueira WF (2018) Habitat structural complexity metrics improve predictions of fish abundance and distribution. Ecography 41, 1077-1091.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Florisson JH, Tweedley JR, Walker THE, Chaplin JA (2018) Reef vision: a citizen science program for monitoring the fish faunas of artificial reefs. Fisheries Research 206, 296-308.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Folpp HR, Schilling HT, Clark GF, Lowry MB, Maslen B, Gregson M, Suthers IM (2020) Artificial reefs increase fish abundance in habitat-limited estuaries. Journal of Applied Ecology 57, 1752-1761.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fowler AM, Booth DJ (2013) Seasonal dynamics of fish assemblages on breakwaters and natural rocky reefs in a temperate estuary: consistent assemblage differences driven by sub-adults. PLoS ONE 8, e75790.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gili J-M, Coma R (1998) Benthic suspension feeders: their paramount role in littoral marine food webs. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 316-321.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gillanders BM, Able KW, Brown JA, Eggleston DB, Sheridan PF (2003) Evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: an important component of nurseries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 247, 281-295.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Glasby TM (1999a) Differences between subtidal epibiota on pier pilings and rocky reefs at marinas in Sydney, Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48, 281-290.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Glasby TM (1999b) Effects of shading on subtidal epibiotic assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 234, 275-290.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Goetze JS, Bond T, McLean DL, Saunders BJ, Langlois TJ, Lindfield S, Fullwood LAF, Driessen D, Shedrawi G, Harvey ES (2019) A field and video analysis guide for diver operated stereo-video. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10, 1083-1090.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Granneman JE, Steele MA (2015) Effects of reef attributes on fish assemblage similarity between artificial and natural reefs. ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, 2385-2397.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gratwicke B, Speight MR (2005) The relationship between fish species richness, abundance and habitat complexity in a range of shallow tropical marine habitats. Journal of Fish Biology 66, 650-667.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Grorud-Colvert K, Sullivan-Stack J, Roberts C, Constant V, Horta E Costa B, Pike EP, Kingston N, Laffoley D, Sala E, Claudet J, Friedlander AM, Gill DA, Lester SE, Day JC, Gonçalves EJ, Ahmadia GN, Rand M, Villagomez A, Ban NC, Gurney GG, Spalding AK, Bennett NJ, Briggs J, Morgan LE, Moffitt R, Deguignet M, Pikitch EK, Darling ES, Jessen S, Hameed SO, Di Carlo G, Guidetti P, Harris JM, Torre J, Kizilkaya Z, Agardy T, Cury P, Shah NJ, Sack K, Cao L, Fernandez M, Lubchenco J (2021) The MPA guide: a framework to achieve global goals for the ocean. Science 373, eabf0861.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Grossman GD, Jones GP, Seaman WJ (1997) Do artificial reefs increase regional fish production? A review of existing data. Fisheries 22, 17-23.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Grothues TM, Rackovan JL, Able KW (2016) Modification of nektonic fish distribution by piers and pile fields in an urban estuary. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 485, 47-56.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Guidetti P (2000) Differences among fish assemblages associated with nearshore Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, rocky–algal reefs and unvegetated sand habitats in the Adriatic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 50, 515-529.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hackradt CW, Félix-Hackradt FC, García-Charton JA (2011) Influence of habitat structure on fish assemblage of an artificial reef in southern Brazil. Marine Environmental Research 72, 235-247.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hall AE, Kingsford MJ (2021) Habitat type and complexity drive fish assemblages in a tropical seascape. Journal of Fish Biology 99(4), 1364-1379.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hammar L, Perry D, Gullström M (2016) Offshore wind power for marine conservation. Open Journal of Marine Science 06, 66-78.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Harman N, Harvey ES, Kendrick GA (2003) Differences in fish assemblages from different reef habitats at Hamelin Bay, south-western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 54, 177-184.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Harvey ES, Shortis MR (1998) Calibration stability of an underwater stereo-video system: implications for measurement accuracy and precision. Marine Technology Society Journal 32, 3-17.
| Google Scholar |

Harvey ES, Goetze J, McLaren B, Langlois T, Shortis MR (2010) Influence of range, angle of view, image resolution and image compression on underwater stereo-video measurements: high-definition and broadcast-resolution video cameras compared. Marine Technology Society Journal 44, 75-85.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hobbs RJ, Arico S, Aronson J, Baron JS, Bridgewater P, Cramer VA, Epstein PR, Ewel JJ, Klink CA, Lugo AE, Norton D, Ojima D, Richardson DM, Sanderson EW, Valladares F, Vilà M, Zamora R, Zobel M (2006) Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15, 1-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hunter WR, Sayer MDJ (2009) The comparative effects of habitat complexity on faunal assemblages of northern temperate artificial and natural reefs. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 66, 691-698.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Jessop SA, Saunders BJ, Goetze JS, Harvey ES (2022) A comparison of underwater visual census, baited, diver operated and remotely operated stereo-video for sampling shallow water reef fishes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 276, 108017.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kay AM, Keough MJ (1981) Occupation of patches in the epifaunal communities on pier pilings and the bivalve Pinna bicolor at Edithburgh, South Australia. Oecologia 48, 123-130.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kirkbride-Smith AE, Wheeler PM, Johnson ML (2016) Artificial reefs and marine protected areas: a study in willingness to pay to access Folkestone Marine Reserve, Barbados, West Indies. PeerJ 4, e2175.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Komyakova V, Munday PL, Jones GP (2013) Relative importance of coral cover, habitat complexity and diversity in determining the structure of reef fish communities. PLoS ONE 8, e83178.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Komyakova V, Chamberlain D, Jones GP, Swearer SE (2019) Assessing the performance of artificial reefs as substitute habitat for temperate reef fishes: implications for reef design and placement. Science of The Total Environment 668, 139-152.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Komyakova V, Chamberlain D, Swearer SE (2021) A multi-species assessment of artificial reefs as ecological traps. Ecological Engineering 171, 106394.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Langlois TJ, Harvey ES, Meeuwig JJ (2012) Strong direct and inconsistent indirect effects of fishing found using stereo-video: testing indicators from fisheries closures. Ecological Indicators 23, 524-534.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Layman CA (2000) Fish assemblage structure of the shallow ocean surf-zone on the eastern shore of Virginia Barrier Islands. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 51, 201-213.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Layman CA, Allgeier JE (2020) An ecosystem ecology perspective on artificial reef production. Journal of Applied Ecology 57, 2139-2148.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lemasson AJ, Knights AM, Thompson M, Lessin G, Beaumont N, Pascoe C, Queirós AM, McNeill L, Schratzberger M, Somerfield PJ (2021) Evidence for the effects of decommissioning man-made structures on marine ecosystems globally: a systematic map protocol. Environmental Evidence 10, 4.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lemoine HR, Paxton AB, Anisfeld SC, Rosemond RC, Peterson CH (2019) Selecting the optimal artificial reefs to achieve fish habitat enhancement goals. Biological Conservation 238, 108200.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Love MS, Claisse JT, Roeper A (2019) An analysis of the fish assemblages around 23 oil and gas platforms off California with comparisons with natural habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 95, 477-514.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McLaren BW, Langlois TJ, Harvey ES, Shortland-Jones H, Stevens R (2015) A small no-take marine sanctuary provides consistent protection for small-bodied by-catch species, but not for large-bodied, high-risk species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 471, 153-163.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McMahon K, Young E, Montgomery S, Cosgrove J, Wilshaw J, Walker DI (1997) Status of a shallow seagrass system, Geographe Bay, south-western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 80, 255-262.
| Google Scholar |

Madgett AS, Elsdon TS, Marnane MJ, Schramm KD, Harvey ES (2023) The functional diversity of fish assemblages in the vicinity of oil and gas pipelines compared to nearby natural reef and soft sediment habitats. Marine Environmental Research 187, 105931.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mills KA, Hamer PA, Quinn GP (2017) Artificial reefs create distinct fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 585, 155-173.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Morris RL, Porter AG, Figueira WF, Coleman RA, Fobert EK, Ferrari R (2018) Fish-smart seawalls: a decision tool for adaptive management of marine infrastructure. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16, 278-287.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Munsch SH, Cordell JR, Toft JD, Morgan EE (2014) Effects of seawalls and piers on fish assemblages and juvenile salmon feeding behavior. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 34, 814-827.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Myers EMV, Harvey ES, Saunders BJ, Travers MJ (2016) Fine-scale patterns in the day, night and crepuscular composition of a temperate reef fish assemblage. Marine Ecology 37, 668-678.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Neves dos Santos L, Zalmon IR (2015) Long-term changes of fish assemblages associated with artificial reefs off the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31, 15-23.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Olds AD, Connolly RM, Pitt KA, Pittman SJ, Maxwell PS, Huijbers CM, Moore BR, Albert S, Rissik D, Babcock RC, Schlacher TA (2016) Quantifying the conservation value of seascape connectivity: a global synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography: a Journal of Macroecology 25, 3-15.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Parker JRC, Saunders BJ, Bennett S, DiBattista JD, Shalders TC, Harvey ES (2019) Shifts in Labridae geographical distribution along a unique and dynamic coastline. Diversity and Distributions 25, 1787-1799.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Paxton AB, Shertzer KW, Bacheler NM, Kellison GT, Riley KL, Taylor JC (2020) Meta-analysis reveals artificial reefs can be effective tools for fish community enhancement but are not one-size-fits-all. Frontiers in Marine Science 7, 282.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pearce A, Pattiaratchi C (1999) The capes current: a summer countercurrent flowing past Cape Leeuwin and Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia. Continental Shelf Research 19, 401-420.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pereira PHC, dos Santos MVB, Lippi DL, Silva PHP, Barros B (2017) Difference in the trophic structure of fish communities between artificial and natural habitats in a tropical estuary. Marine and Freshwater Research 68, 473-483.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Perkol-Finkel S, Shashar N, Benayahu Y (2006) Can artificial reefs mimic natural reef communities? The roles of structural features and age. Marine Environmental Research 61, 121-135.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pinnegar JK, Polunin NVC, Videler JJ, de Wiljes JJ (2007) Daily carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for the Mediterranean planktivorous damselfish Chromis chromis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 352, 378-391.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rees MJ, Knott NA, Davis AR (2018) Habitat and seascape patterns drive spatial variability in temperate fish assemblages: implications for marine protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 607, 171-186.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Richardson LE, Graham NAJ, Pratchett MS, Hoey AS (2017) Structural complexity mediates functional structure of reef fish assemblages among coral habitats. Environmental Biology of Fishes 100, 193-207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rilov G, Benayahu Y (2000) Fish assemblage on natural versus vertical artificial reefs: the rehabilitation perspective. Marine Biology 136, 931-942.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Saunders BJ, Harvey ES, Kendrick GA (2014) Factors influencing distribution and habitat associations in an endemic group of temperate Western Australian reef fishes over a latitudinal gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series 517, 193-208.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schramm KD, Marnane MJ, Elsdon TS, Jones C, Saunders BJ, Goetze JS, Driessen D, Fullwood LAF, Harvey ES (2020a) A comparison of stereo-BRUVs and stereo-ROV techniques for sampling shallow water fish communities on and off pipelines. Marine Environmental Research 162, 105198.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schramm KD, Harvey ES, Goetze JS, Travers MJ, Warnock B, Saunders BJ (2020b) A comparison of stereo-BRUV, diver operated and remote stereo-video transects for assessing reef fish assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 524, 151273.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schramm KD, Marnane MJ, Elsdon TS, Jones CM, Saunders BJ, Newman SJ, Harvey ES (2021) Fish associations with shallow water subsea pipelines compared to surrounding reef and soft sediment habitats. Scientific Reports 11, 6238.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Seaman W (Ed.) (2000) ‘Artificial reef evaluation: with application to natural marine habitats.’ (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA) doi:10.1201/9781420036633

Sheaves M (2009) Consequences of ecological connectivity: the coastal ecosystem mosaic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 391, 107-115.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Simon T, Joyeux J-C, Pinheiro HT (2013) Fish assemblages on shipwrecks and natural rocky reefs strongly differ in trophic structure. Marine Environmental Research 90, 55-65.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Storrie A, Morrison S, Morrison P (2003) ‘Beneath Busselton Jetty.’ (Department of Conservation and Land Management: Perth, WA, Australia)

Strelcheck AJ, Cowan JH, Shah A (2005) Influence of reef location on artificial-reef fish assemblages in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 77, 425-440.
| Google Scholar |

Sugiura N (1978) Further analysis of the data by Akaike’s information criterion and the finite corrections. Communications in Statistics – Theory and Methods 7, 13-26.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sward D, Monk J, Barrett N (2019) A systematic review of remotely operated vehicle surveys for visually assessing fish assemblages. Frontiers in Marine Science 6, 134.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thanner SE, McIntosh TL, Blair SM (2006) Development of benthic and fish assemblages on artificial reef materials compared to adjacent natural reef assemblages in Miami–Dade county, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 78, 57-70.
| Google Scholar |

Watt-Pringle P, Strydom NA (2003) Habitat use by larval fishes in a temperate South African surf zone. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 58, 765-774.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Westera MB, Phillips JC, Coupland GT, Grochowski AJ, Harvey ES, Huisman JM (2009) Sea surface temperatures of the Leeuwin Current in the Capes region of Western Australia: potential effects on the marine biota of shallow reefs. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 92, 197-210.
| Google Scholar |

Whitfield AK, Becker A (2014) Impacts of recreational motorboats on fishes: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 83, 24-31.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilhelmsson D, Yahya SAS, Öhman MC (2006) Effects of high-relief structures on cold temperate fish assemblages: a field experiment. Marine Biology Research 2, 136-147.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wilson SK, Graham NAJ, Holmes TH, MacNeil MA, Ryan NM (2018) Visual versus video methods for estimating reef fish biomass. Ecological Indicators 85, 146-152.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |