Recognising the importance of shellfish to First Nations peoples, Indigenous and Traditional Ecological Knowledge in aquaculture and coastal management in Australia

Mitchell C. Gibbs; Laura M. Parker; Elliot Scanes; Pauline M. Ross

doi:10.1071/MF23193

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Next Contents Vol 75(4)

Recognising the importance of shellfish to First Nations peoples, Indigenous and Traditional Ecological Knowledge in aquaculture and coastal management in Australia

Mitchell C. Gibbs ^A , Laura M. Parker ^B , Elliot Scanes ^C and Pauline M. Ross

^D ^*

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A The University of Sydney, School of Geosciences, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.

^B The University of New South Wales, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.

^C Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.

^D The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: pauline.ross@sydney.edu.au

Handling Editor: Rachel Przeslawski

Marine and Freshwater Research 75, MF23193 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF23193

Submitted: 6 October 2023 Accepted: 11 January 2024 Published: 27 February 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Throughout the world, there is a growing recognition of the importance and need for incorporation of Indigenous and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of First Nations peoples in shellfish aquaculture and coastal management. In Australia, however, the incorporation of First Nations TEK of shellfish aquaculture and coastal management is in its infancy. This is a concern because the combined perspectives of Indigenous knowledge and Western Science are needed to restore culturally and economically significant shellfish and create successful, respectful and sustainable outcomes. The aims of this perspective piece are first to describe the evidence for the importance of shellfish aquaculture and management to First Nations peoples of Australia and second to highlight the opportunity to incorporate First Nations TEK in shellfish restoration and aquaculture in Australia. Already, models of successful incorporation of TEK of shellfish exist in Aotearoa, which provide an example for incorporation of TEK of shellfish in Australia. First Nations peoples of Australia hold a deep cultural connection with shellfish and Sea Country that has persisted for millennia. If we are to appropriately sustain and restore shellfish and manage our coasts, we must incorporate First Nations TEK and views, and respect and protect their ongoing connections to Sea Country.

Keywords: biodiversity, climate change, ecology, estuarine, Indigenous, Indigenous ecology, Indigenous restoration, invertebrates, mangroves, marine, molluscs, ocean acidification, restoration, salinity, salt marshes, wetlands.

References

Armstrong D, Ellis L, Hohneck M, Irons C, Knight J, Littin K, MacDonald E, Maclaurin J, Speedy J, Steeves T, Watene K, Wehi P, Parke E, Russell J (2019) Predator free New Zealand: social, cultural, and ethical challenges. BioHeritage Challenge Bioethics Panel 2019. (New Zealand’s Biological Heritage) Available at https://bioheritage.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2019-MAY-Bioethics-Report.pdf

Attenbrow V (2010) Aboriginal fishing in Port Jackson, and the introduction of shell fish-hooks to coastal New South Wales, Australia. In ‘The natural history of Sydney’. (Eds D Lunney, P Hutchings, D Hochuli) pp. 16–34. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales) 10.7882/FS.2010.004

Bailey GN (1975) The role of molluscs in coastal economies: the results of midden analysis in Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science 2(1), 45-62.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bartlett C, Marshall M, Marshall A (2012) Two-Eyed Seeing and other lessons learned within a co-learning journey of bringing together indigenous and mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 2, 331-340.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Beck MW, Brumbaugh RD, Airoldi L, Carranza A, Coen LD, Crawford C, Defeo O, Edgar GJ, Hancock B, Kay MC, Lenihan HS, Luckenbach MW, Toropova CL, Zhang G, Guo X (2011) Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration, and management. BioScience 61(2), 107-116.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Beckford CL, Jacobs C, Williams N, Nahdee R (2010) Aboriginal environmental wisdom, stewardship, and sustainability: lessons from the Walpole Island First Nations, Ontario, Canada. The Journal of Environmental Education 41(4), 239-248.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Benjamin J, O’Leary M, McDonald J, Wiseman C, McCarthy J, Beckett E, Morrison P, Stankiewicz F, Leach J, Hacker J, Baggaley P, Jerbić K, Fowler M, Fairweather J, Jeffries P, Ulm S, Bailey G (2020) Aboriginal artefacts on the continental shelf reveal ancient drowned cultural landscapes in northwest Australia. PLoS ONE 15(7), e0233912.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Berkes F, Hughes A, George PJ, Preston RJ, Cummins BD, Turner J (1995) The persistence of aboriginal land use: fish and wildlife harvest areas in the Hudson and James Bay Lowland, Ontario. Arctic 48(1), 81-93.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (2000) Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications 10(5), 1251-1262.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bolotov IN, Makhrov AA, Gofarov MY, Aksenova OV, Aspholm PE, Bespalaya YV, Kabakov MB, Kolosova YS, Kondakov AV, Ofenböck T, Ostrovsky AN, Popov IY, von Proschwitz T, Rudzīte M, Rudzītis M, Sokolova SE, Valovirta I, Vikhrev IV, Vinarski MV, Zotin AA (2018) Climate warming as a possible trigger of keystone mussel population decline in oligotrophic rivers at the continental scale. Scientific Reports 8(1), 35.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bowdler S (1976) Hook, Line, and Dilly Bag: an interpretation of an Australian Coastal Shéll Midden. Mankind 10(4), 248-258.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Campbell V (1972) Some radiocarbon dates for aboriginal shell middens in the lower Macleay River Valley, New South Wales. Mankind 8(4), 283-286.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cann JH, De Deckker P, Murray-Wallace CV (1991) Coastal aboriginal shell middens and their palaeoenvironmental significance, Robe Range, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 115(4), 161-175.
| Google Scholar |

Chan HM, Fediuk K, Batal M, Sadik T, Tikhonov C, Ing A, Barwin L (2021) The first nations food, nutrition and environment study (2008–2018) – rationale, design, methods and lessons learned. Canadian Journal of Public Health 112(S1), 8-19.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Clapcott J, Ataria J, Hepburn C, Hikuroa D, Jackson A-M, Kirikiri R, Williams E (2018) Mātauranga Māori: shaping marine and freshwater futures. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52(4), 457-466.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Clark GF, Johnston EL (2017) Australia state of the environment 2016: coasts, independent report to the Australian Government Minister for Environment and Energy. Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra.

Clune G, Harrison R (2009) Coastal shell middens of the Abydos coastal plain, Western Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 44(S1), 70-80.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Colley SM (1997) A pre- and post-contact Aboriginal shell midden at Disaster Bay, New South Wales south coast. Australian Archaeology 45, 1-19.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Crow SK, Tipa GT, Booker DJ, Nelson KD (2018) Relationships between Maori values and streamflow: tools for incorporating cultural values into freshwater management decisions. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52(4), 626-642.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Diggles BK (2013) Historical epidemiology indicates water quality decline drives loss of oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) reefs in Moreton Bay, Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 47(4), 561-581.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dulvy NK, Polunin NVC (2004) Using informal knowledge to infer human-induced rarity of a conspicuous reef fish. Animal Conservation forum 7(4), 365-374.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fischer MD, Burns D, Bolzenius J, Costello C, Low Choy D (2019) Quandamooka Country: the role of science and knowledge in Traditional Owner-led land and sea management. In ‘Moreton Bay Quandamooka and Catchment’. (Eds IR Tibbetts, PC Rothlisberg, DT Neil, TA Homburg, DT Brewer, AH Arthington) pp. 3–28. (The Moreton Bay Foundation)

Fletcher M-S, Hamilton R, Dressler W, Palmer L (2021) Indigenous knowledge and the shackles of wilderness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(40), e2022218118.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016) ‘The state of food and agriculture: climate change, agriculture and food security.’ (FAO: Rome, Italy)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020) ‘Sustainability in action: state of world fisheries and aquaculture.’ (FAO: Rome, Italy)

Frankel D (1991) First-order radiocarbon dating of Australian shell-middens. Antiquity 65(248), 571-574.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Geary AF, Nelson NJ, Paine G, Mason W, Dunning DL, Corin SE, Ramstad KM (2019) Māori traditional harvest, knowledge and management of sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 43(3), 3384.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gibbs MC, Parker LM, Scanes E, Byrne M, O’Connor WA, Ross PM (2021) Adult exposure to ocean acidification and warming leads to limited beneficial responses for oyster larvae. ICES Journal of Marine Science 78(6), 2017-2030.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gibbs M, Ross P, Scanes E, Gibbs J, Rotolo-Ross R, Parker L (2023) Extending conservation of coastal and oyster reef restoration for First Nations cultural revitalization outcomes. Conservation Biology 37, e14158.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gillespie R, Temple RB (1977) Radiocarbon dating of shell middens. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 12(1), 26-37 Available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/40386275.
| Google Scholar |

Gillies CL, McLeod IM, Alleway HK, Cook P, Crawford C, Creighton C, Diggles B, Ford J, Hamer P, Heller-Wagner G, Lebrault E, Le Port A, Russell K, Sheaves M, Warnock B (2018) Australian shellfish ecosystems: past distribution, current status and future direction. PLoS ONE 13(2), e0190914.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Godfrey MCS (1988) Oxygen isotope analysis: a means for determining the seasonal gathering of the pipi (Donax deltoides) by Aborigines in prehistoric Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 23(1), 17-21.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Godfrey MCS (1989) Shell midden chronology in southwestern Victoria: reflections of change in prehistoric population and subsistence? Archaeology in Oceania 24(2), 65-69.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Haggan NB, Neis B, Baird IG (2007) Part II: Indigenous and artisanal fisheries. In ‘Fishers’ knowledge in fisheries science and management.’ Coastal Management Sourcebooks 4, p. 147–349. (UNESCO) Available at https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000150580

Hale JC, Benjamin J, Woo K, Astrup PM, McCarthy J, Hale N, Stankiewicz F, Wiseman C, Skriver C, Garrison E, Ulm S, Bailey G (2021) Submerged landscapes, marine transgression and underwater shell middens: comparative analysis of site formation and taphonomy in Europe and North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 258, 106867.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hall HJ (1984) Fishing with dolphins? Affirming a traditional aboriginal fishing story in Moreton Bay, SE Queensland. In ‘Focus on Stradbroke : new information on North Stradbroke Island and surrounding areas’. (Eds RJ Coleman, J Covacevich, P Davie) pp. 1974–1984. (Boolarong Publications)

Hall J, Bowen G (1989) An excavation of a midden complex at the Toulkerrie Oystermens Lease, Moreton Island, S.E. Queensland. Queensland Archaeological Research 6, 3-27.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hikuroa D, Clark J, Olsen A, Camp E (2018) Severed at the head: towards revitalising the mauri of Te Awa o te Atua. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52(4), 643-656.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hobday AJ, Tegner MJ, Haaker PL (2000) Over-exploitation of a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate: decline of the white abalone. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10(4), 493-514.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hopkins A (2018) Classifying the mauri of wai in the Matahuru Awa in North Waikato. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52(4), 657-665.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Howarth LM, Roberts CM, Hawkins JP, Steadman DJ, Beukers-Stewart BD (2015) Effects of ecosystem protection on scallop populations within a community-led temperate marine reserve. Marine Biology 162(4), 823-840.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Jenkins GP (2004) The ecosystem effects of abalone fishing: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research 55(6), 545-552.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Johannes RE, Freeman MMR, Hamilton RJ (2000) Ignore fishers’ knowledge and miss the boat. Fish and Fisheries 1(3), 257-271.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Johannes RE, Neis B (2007) The value of anecdote. In ‘Fishers’ knowledge in fisheries science and management’. Coastal Management Sourcebooks, (Eds N Haggan, B Neis, IG Baird) Vol. 4, pp. 41–58. (UNESCO Publishing)

Kerkhove R (2013) Aboriginal trade in fish and seafoods to settlers in nineteenth-century South-East Queensland: a vibrant industry? Queensland Review 20(2), 144-156.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kerkhove R (2018) Aboriginal camps as urban foundations? Evidence from southern Queensland. Aboriginal History 42(42), 141-172.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Korff J (2021) Guide to Aboriginal sites and places. Discover the multitude of Aboriginal sites and places and how Aboriginal people used them, sometimes for generations. (Creative Spirits). Available at https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/land/guide-to-aboriginal-sites-and-places

Kusabs IA, Quinn JM (2009) Use of a traditional Maori harvesting method, the tau kōura, for monitoring kōura (freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops planifions) in Lake Rotoiti, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43(3), 713-722.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kusabs IA, Quinn JM, Hamilton DP (2015) Effects of benthic substrate, nutrient enrichment and predatory fish on freshwater crayfish (kōura, Paranephrops planifrons) population characteristics in seven Te Arawa (Rotorua) lakes, North Island, New Zealand. Marine and Freshwater Research 66(7), 631-643.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kusabs IA, Hicks BJ, Quinn JM, Perry WL, Whaanga H (2018) Evaluation of a traditional Māori harvesting method for sampling kōura (freshwater crayfish, Paranephrops planifrons) and toi toi (bully, Gobiomorphus spp.) populations in two New Zealand streams. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52(4), 603-625.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kutay C, Leigh E, Herkess S (2021) First peoples engineering – creating cultural spaces. In ‘REES AAEE 2021 conference: Engineering Education Research Capability Development’, 5–8 December 2021, Perth, WA, Australia. pp. 893–902. (Engineers Australia: Perth, WA, Australia) Available at https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.354784738163704

Lourandos H (1968) Dispersal of activities: the east Tasmanian Aboriginal sites. Papers and Proceedings of The Royal Society of Tasmania 102, 41-46.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Luebbers RA (1978) Meals and Menus: a study of change in prehistoric coastal settlements in South Australia. PhD thesis, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Mascarenhas M (2007) Where the waters divide: First Nations, tainted water and environmental justice in Canada. Local Environment 12(6), 565-577.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Maxwell KH, Ratana K, Davies KK, Taiapa C, Awatere S (2020) Navigating towards marine co-management with Indigenous communities on-board the Waka-Taurua. Marine Policy 111, 103722.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McAllister T, Beggs J, Ogilvie S, Kirikiri R, Black A, Wehi P (2020) Kua takoto te mānuka: mātauranga Māori in New Zealand ecology. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 43(3), 3393.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moller H (2009) Matauranga Maori, science and seabirds in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36(3), 203-210.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moller H, Horsley P, Lyver PO’B, Taiepa T, Davis J, Bragg M (2000) Co-management by Maori and Pakeha for improved conservation in the 21st century. In ‘Environmental planning and management in New Zealand’. (Eds H Perkins, A Memon) pp. 156–167. (Dunmore Press: Palmerston North, New Zealand)

Moller H, Berkes F, Lyver PO, Kislalioglu M (2004) Combining science and traditional ecological knowledge: monitoring populations for co-management. Ecology and Society 9(3), 2.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moller H, O’Blyver P, Bragg C, Newman J, Clucas R, Fletcher D, Kitson J, McKechnie S, Scott D, Rakiura Titi Islands Administering Body (2009a) Guidelines for cross-cultural Participatory Action Research partnerships: a case study of a customary seabird harvest in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36(3), 211-241.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moller H, Charleton K, Knight B, Lyver P (2009b) Traditional Ecological Knowledge and scientific inference of prey availability: harvests of sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) chicks by Rakiura Maori. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36(3), 259-274.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moller H, Kitson JC, Downs TM (2009c) Knowing by doing: learning for sustainable muttonbird harvesting. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 36(3), 243-258.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Moreira Moura GG, Sant’Ana Diegues AC (2009) Traditional and scientific knowledge of the Saco do Arraial, Patos Lagoon (RS). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 35(3), 359-372.
| Google Scholar |

Mountford CP (1939) Aboriginal methods of fishing and cooking as used on the Southern Coast of Eyre’s Peninsula, South Australia. Mankind 2(7), 196-200.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ogilvie S, Major R, McCarthy A, Paine G, Paine R, Connor G, Connor S, Taylor D, Jeffs A, Heasman K, Batstone C, Chambers B, Allen W (2018) Mātauranga Māori driving innovation in the New Zealand scampi fishery. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52(4), 590-602.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

O’Rourke T (2013) Aboriginal camps and ‘villages’ in Southeast Queensland. In ‘Proceedings of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand 30’, 2–5 July 2013, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia. (Eds A Brown, A Leach) pp. 851–863. (Society of Architectural Historians Australia & New Zealand: Gold Coast, Qld, Australia) Available at https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0037/349795/S17_03_ORourke_Aboriginal-Camps-and-Villages.pdf

Parker LM, Ross PM, O’Connor WA, Pörtner HO, Scanes E, Wright JM (2013) Predicting the response of molluscs to the impact of ocean acidification. Biology 2(2), 651-692.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Paul-Burke K, Burke J, Bluett C, Senior T (2018) Using Māori knowledge to assist understandings and management of shellfish populations in Ōhiwa Harbour, Aotearoa New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52(4), 542-556.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pawley MDM, Smith ANH (2012) The distribution and abundance of pipis and cockles in the Northland, Auckland and Bay of Plenty regions. Assessment Report 45, New Zealand Fisheries.

Radio New Zealand (2021) Saving mussel beds with a bi-cultural approach. In RNZ News, 29 January 2021. Available at https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/435432/saving-mussel-beds-with-a-bi-cultural-approach

Reeder-Myers L, Braje TJ, Hofman CA, Elliott Smith EA, Garland CJ, Grone M, Hadden CS, Hatch M, Hunt T, Kelley A, LeFebvre MJ, Lockman M, McKechnie I, McNiven IJ, Newsom B, Pluckhahn T, Sanchez G, Schwadron M, Smith KY, et al. (2022) Indigenous oyster fisheries persisted for millennia and should inform future management. Nature Communications 13, 2383.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ross A (1996) Aboriginal approaches to cultural heritage management: a Quandamooka case study. In ‘Australian Archaeology ’95: Proceedings of the 1995 Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference’, 6–9 December 1995, Lawes, Qld, Australia. (Eds S Ulm, I Lilley, A Ross) Tempus, vol. 6, pp. 107–112. (Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland: Brisbane, Qld, Australia) Available at https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:238662c/Tempus_Vol6.pdf?dsi_version=34fd454f2bf4a219ca53de6981183e05

Ross PM, Scanes E, Byrne M, Ainsworth TD, Donelson JM, Foo SA, Hutchings P, Vengatesen T, Parker LM (2023) Surviving the anthropocene: the resilience of marine animals to climate change. In ‘Oceanography and marine biology: annual review’. (Eds SJ Hawkins, BD Russell, PA Todd) Vol. 61, pp. 35–80. (CRC Press) doi:10.1201/9781003363873-3

Rowland MJ (1994) Size isn’t everything. Shells in mounds, middens and natural deposits. Australian Archaeology 39(1), 118-124.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Scanes E, Scanes PR, Ross PM (2020) Climate change rapidly warms and acidifies Australian estuaries. Nature Communications 11(1), 1803.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Schnierer S (2011) ‘Aboriginal fisheries in New South Wales: determining catch, cultural significance of species and traditional fishing knowledge needs.’ (Fisheries Research Development Corporation)

Schnierer S, Egan H (2016) Composition of the Aboriginal harvest of fisheries resources in coastal New South Wales, Australia. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 26, 693-709.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shepherd SA, Rodda KR, Vargas KM (2001) A chronicle of collapse in two abalone stocks with proposals for precautionary management. Journal of Shellfish Research 20(2), 843-856.
| Google Scholar |

Stelling-Wood TP, Gribben PE, Birch G, Bishop MJ, Blount C, Booth DJ, Brown C, Bruce E, Bugnot AB, Byrne M, Creese RG, Dafforn KA, Dahlenburg J, Doblin MA, Fellowes TE, Fowler AM, Gibbs MC, Glamore W, Glasby TM, et al. (2023) A deep dive into the ecology of Gamay (Botany Bay, Australia): current knowledge and future priorities for this highly modified coastal waterway. Marine and Freshwater Research 74(12), 1003-1025.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Stockton ED (1977) Middens of the Central Coast, New South Wales. Australian Archaeology 7, 20-31.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sullivan ME (1982) Aboriginal shell middens in the coastal landscape of New South Wales. PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Available at https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/110345/2/b13186607-Sullivan_M.pdf

Taiepa T, Lyver P, Horsley P, Davis J, Brag M, Moller H (1997) Co-management of New Zealand’s conservation estate by Maori and Pakeha: a review. Environmental Conservation 24(3), 236-250.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Talman S (2017) Draft Fisheries (Victorian Pipi) Notice 2017 Consultation Plan. (Victorian Fisheries Authority) Available at https://vfa.vic.gov.au/featured/current-consultation/2017-consultations/draft-fisheries-victorian-pipi-notice-2017-consultation-plan

Taylor CN, Russell JC, Russell KJ (2020) A strategic social impact assessment for Predator-Free Rakiura, New Zealand, with a human–ecological approach. Socio-Ecological Practice Research 2(2), 161-174.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thurstan RH, Fraser K, Brewer D, Buckley S, Dinesen Z, Skewes T, Courtney T, Pollock B (2019) Fishers and fisheries of Moreton Bay. In ‘Moreton Bay Quandamooka & Catchment: Past, present, and future’. (Eds IR Tibbetts, PC Rothlisberg, DT Neil, TA Homburg, DT Brewer, AH Arthington) pp. 521–536. (The Moreton Bay Foundation)

Treseder L, Krogman NT (1999) Features of First Nation forest management institutions and implications for sustainability. The Forestry Chronicle 75(5), 793-798.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tsuji LJS, Tsuji SRJ, Zuk AM, Davey R, Liberda EN (2020) Harvest programs in First Nations of Subarctic Canada: the benefits go beyond addressing food security and environmental sustainability issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(21), 8113.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ulloa A (2017) Perspectives of environmental justice from Indigenous peoples of Latin America: a relational Indigenous environmental justice. Environmental Justice 10(6), 175-180.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Veth P, McDonald J, Ward I, O’Leary M, Beckett E, Benjamin J, Ulm S, Hacker J, Ross PJ, Bailey G (2020) A strategy for assessing continuity in terrestrial and maritime landscapes from Murujuga (Dampier Archipelago), North West Shelf, Australia. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 15(4), 477-503.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Weber SM, Tascón MA (2020) Pachamama—La Universidad del ‘Buen Vivir’: A First Nations Sustainability University in Latin America. In ‘Universities as living labs for sustainable development’. (Eds W Leal Filho, et al.) pp. 849–862. (Springer International Publishing) 10.1007/978-3-030-15604-6_52

Wehi PM, Whaanga H, Roa T (2009) Missing in translation: Maori language and oral tradition in scientific analyses of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 39(4), 201-204.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wehi P, Cox M, Roa T, Whaanga H (2013) Marine resources in Māori oral tradition: He kai moana, he kai mā te hinengaro. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures 2(2), 59-68.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Whaanga H, Wehi P, Cox M, Roa T, Kusabs I (2018) Māori oral traditions record and convey indigenous knowledge of marine and freshwater resources. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 52(4), 487-496.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wiseman C, O’Leary M, Hacker J, Stankiewicz F, McCarthy J, Beckett E, Leach J, Baggaley P, Collins C, Ulm S, McDonald J, Benjamin J (2021) A multi-scalar approach to marine survey and underwater archaeological site prospection in Murujuga, Western Australia. Quaternary International 584, 152-170.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Zimmerer KS (2012) The Indigenous Andean Concept of Kawsay, the Politics of Knowledge and Development, and the Borderlands of Environmental Sustainability in Latin America. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 127(3), 600-606.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Zuckermann G, Shakuto-Neoh S, Quer GM (2014) Native Tongue Title: compensation for the loss of Aboriginal languages. Australian Aboriginal Studies 2014(1), 55-71.
| Google Scholar |