Shifts in the seagrass leaf microbiome associated with wasting disease in Zostera muelleri
V. Hurtado-McCormick
A D , D. Krix B , B. Tschitschko A C , N. Siboni A , P. J. Ralph A and J. R. Seymour A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
B University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
C Present address: Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
D Corresponding author. Email: valentina.hurtadomccormick@uts.edu.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 72(9) 1303-1320 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF20209
Submitted: 3 July 2020 Accepted: 15 February 2021 Published: 1 April 2021
Abstract
Seagrass wasting disease (SWD), an infection believed to be caused by Labyrinthula zosterae, has been linked to seagrass declines in several places around the world. However, there is uncertainty about the mechanisms of disease and the potential involvement of opportunistic colonising microorganisms. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we compared the microbiome of SWD lesions in leaves of Zostera muelleri with communities in adjacent asymptomatic tissues and healthy leaves. The microbiome of healthy leaf tissues was dominated by Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, whereas the most predominant taxa within adjacent tissues were Pseudomonas and Rubidimonas. Members of the Saprospiraceae, potential macroalgal pathogens, were over-represented within SWD lesions. These pronounced changes in microbiome structure were also apparent when we examined the core microbiome of different tissue types. Although the core microbiome associated with healthy leaves included three operational taxonomic units (OTUs) classified as Burkholderia, Cryomorphaceae and the SAR11 clade, a single core OTU from the Arenicella was found within adjacent tissues. Burkholderia are diazotrophic microorganisms and may play an important role in seagrass nitrogen acquisition. In contrast, some members of the Arenicella have been implicated in necrotic disease in other benthic animals. Moreover, microbiome structure was maintained across sites within healthy tissues, but not within SWD lesions or the tissues immediately adjacent to lesions. Predicted functional profiles revealed increased photoautotrophic functions in SWD tissues relative to healthy leaves, but no increase in pathogenicity or virulence. Notably, we demonstrated the presence of L. zosterae in SWD lesions by polymerase chain reaction, but only in one of the two sampled locations, which indicates that other microbiological factors may be involved in the initiation or development of SWD-like symptoms. This study suggests that the dynamics of the seagrass microbiome should be considered within the diagnosis and management of SWD.
Keywords: bacteria, benthos, biodiversity, ecology, environmental monitoring, population dynamics.
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