Bed-making in the hospital setting – Does it pose infectious risks?
Dorothea Hansen A C , Joschka Krude A , Barbara Blahout A , Therese Leisebein A , Sebiha Dogru-Wiegand A , Thomas Bartylla A , Monika Raffenberg A , Daniel Benner A , Andreas Biedler B and Walter Popp AA Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
B Department of Anaesthesiology, Katholische Kliniken Essen-Nord-West, Hospitalstrasse 24, 45329 Essem, Germany.
C Corresponding author. Email: Dorothea.Hansen@uk-essen.de
Healthcare Infection 15(3) 85-87 https://doi.org/10.1071/HI10012
Submitted: 11 March 2010 Accepted: 3 August 2010 Published: 12 September 2010
Abstract
In order to assess the infectious risk of dispersal of microorganisms during bed-making we measured aerial concentration of bacteria near the beds of 96 patients immediately before and during bed-making. There was a significantly increased bacterial level during bed-making. Potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus could be identified. However, the importance of this is uncertain, because minimal infectious doses and necessary aerial concentration are not known.
Additional keywords: bed-making, protective equipment, masks, infectious risk.
[1] Boyce JM, Potter-Bynoe G, Chenevert C, King T. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18 622–7.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed |
[2] Sexton T, Clarke P, O’Neill EO, Dillane T, Humphreys H. Environmental reservoir of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in isolation rooms: correlation with patient isolates and implications for hospital hygiene. J Hosp Infect 2006; 62 187–94.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed |
[3] Oie S, Suenage S, Sawa A, Kamiya A. Association between isolation sites of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients with MRSA-positive body sites and MRSA contamination in their surrounding environmental surfaces. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007; 60 367–9.
| PubMed |
[4] Ensor E, Humphreys H, Peckham D, Webster C, Knox AJ. Is Burkhoderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia disseminated from cystic fibrosis patients during physiotherapy? J Hosp Infect 1996; 32 9–15.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed |
[5] Panagea S, Winstanley C, Walshaw MJ, Ledson MJ, Hart CA. Environmental contamination with an epidemic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Liverpool cystic fibrosis centre, and study of its survival on dry surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59 102–7.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed |
[6] Khojasteh VJ, Edwards-Jones V, Childs C, Foster HA. Prevalence of toxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric burns unit. Burns 2007; 33 334–40.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
[7] Bloomfield J, Pegram A, Jones A. Recommended procedure for bedmaking in hospital. Nurs Stand 2008; 22 41–4.
| PubMed |
[8]
[9]
[10] Thomas JC, van den Ende M, Capetown MB. The reduction of dust-borne bacteria in the air of hospital wards by liquid paraffin treatment of bedclothes. BMJ 1941; 1 953–8.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
[11] Sanderson PJ, Weissler S. Recovery of coliforms from the hands of nurses and patients: activities leading to contamination. J Hosp Infect 1992; 21 85–93.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed |
[12] Standaert S, Hutcheson RH, Schaffner W. Nosocomial transmission of Salmonella gastroenteritis to laundry workers in a nursing home. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15 22–6.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed |
[13] Noble WC, Davies RR. Studies on the dispersal of Staphylococci. J Clin Pathol 1965; 18 16–9.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed |
[14] Overton E. The Journal of infection control nursing. Bed-making and bacteria. Nurs Times 1988; 84 69–71.
| CAS | PubMed |
[15] Roberts K, Hathway A, Fletcher LA, Beggs CB, Elliott MW, Sleigh PA. Bioaerosol production on a respiratory ward. Indoor Built Environ 2006; 15 35–40.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[16] Shiomori T, Miyamoto H, Makishima K. Significance of airborne transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery unit. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127 644–8.
| CAS | PubMed |
[17] Shiomori T, Miyamoto H, Makishima K, Yoshida M, Fujiyoshi T, Udaka T, et al. Evaluation of bedmaking-related airborne and surface methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination. J Hosp Infect 2002; 50 30–5.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed |
[18] Gandara A, Mota LC, Flores C, Perez HR, Green CF, Gibbs SG. Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from residential indoor bioaerosols. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114 1859–64.
| PubMed |
[19] Górny RL, Dutkiewicz J. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in indoor environment in Central and Eastern European countries. Ann Agric Environ Med 2002; 9 17–23.
| PubMed |
[20] Bartlett KH, Kennedy SM, Brauer M, van Netten C, Dill B. Evaluation and determinants of airborne bacterial concentration in school classrooms. J Occup Environ Hyg 2004; 1 639–47.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
[21] Robert Koch Institute (The national Board of Infection Control) Empfehlung zur Prävention und Kontrolle von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus-Stämmen (MRSA) in Krankenhäusern und anderen medizinischen Einrichtungen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 1999; 42 954–8.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |