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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 51(6)

High night temperature stress on rice (Oryza sativa) – insights from phenomics to physiology. A review

Awais Riaz A * , Julie Thomas A , Hafiz Haider Ali A B C * , Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2128-9873 D * , Naushad Ahmad E and Andy Pereira A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

B Department of Agriculture, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.

C Department of Plant Sciences, Aberdeen Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID, USA.

D Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

E Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh11451, Saudi Arabia.

* Correspondence to: msaqlainzaheer@gmail.com, ariaz@uark.edu, dr.haiderali@gcu.edu.pk

Handling Editor: Muhammad Nadeem

Functional Plant Biology 51, FP24057 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP24057
Submitted: 11 March 2024  Accepted: 12 May 2024  Published: 30 May 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa) faces challenges to yield and quality due to urbanisation, deforestation and climate change, which has exacerbated high night temperature (HNT). This review explores the impacts of HNT on the physiological, molecular and agronomic aspects of rice growth. Rise in minimum temperature threatens a potential 41% reduction in rice yield by 2100. HNT disrupts rice growth stages, causing reduced seed germination, biomass, spikelet sterility and poor grain development. Recent findings indicate a 4.4% yield decline for every 1°C increase beyond 27°C, with japonica ecotypes exhibiting higher sensitivity than indica. We examine the relationships between elevated CO2, nitrogen regimes and HNT, showing that the complexity of balancing positive CO2 effects on biomass with HNT challenges. Nitrogen enrichment proves crucial during the vegetative stage but causes disruption to reproductive stages, affecting grain yield and starch synthesis. Additionally, we elucidate the impact of HNT on plant respiration, emphasising mitochondrial respiration, photorespiration and antioxidant responses. Genomic techniques, including CRISPR-Cas9, offer potential for manipulating genes for HNT tolerance. Plant hormones and carbohydrate enzymatic activities are explored, revealing their intricate roles in spikelet fertility, grain size and starch metabolism under HNT. Gaps in understanding genetic factors influencing heat tolerance and potential trade-offs associated with hormone applications remain. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to provide a holistic approach. Research priorities include the study of regulatory mechanisms, post-anthesis effects, cumulative HNT exposure and the interaction between climate variability and HNT impact to provide a research direction to enhance rice resilience in a changing climate.

Keywords: enzymatic activities, grain yield, high night temperature stress, non-structural carbohydrates, phenomics, plant hormones, resilience and climate change, rice crop physiology.

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