Transcriptome analysis reveals the main metabolic pathway of c-GMP induced by salt stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings†
Xiaolin Zhu A B C # , Meifei Su B C # , Baoqiang Wang B C and Xiaohong Wei
A B C *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
B Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
C College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
* Correspondence to: weixh@gsau.edu.cn
# These authors contributed equally to this paper
Handling Editor: Honghong Wu
Functional Plant Biology 49(9) 784-798 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP21337
Submitted: 30 November 2021 Accepted: 24 April 2022 Published: 6 May 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a model crop as well as an important food worldwide. In arid areas, increasing soil salinity has limited higher yields in tomato production. As a second messenger molecule, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (c-GMP) plays an indispensable role in plant response to salt stress by regulating cell processes to promote plant growth and development. However, this mechanism has not been fully explored in tomato seedlings. In this experiment, tomato seeds were cultured in four treatments: (1) distilled water (CK); (2) 20 μM c-GMP (T1); (3) 50 mM NaCl (T2); and (4) 20 μM c-GMP + 50 mM NaCl (T3). The results show that 20 μM c-GMP effectively alleviated the inhibitory effect of 50 mM NaCl on growth and development, and induced the expression of 1580 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Seedlings in the CK vs T1 shared 95 upregulated and 442 downregulated DEGs, whereas T2 vs T3 shared 271 upregulated and 772 downregulated DEGs. Based on KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis, the majority of DEGs were involved in metabolism; exogenous c-GMP induced significant enrichment of pathways associated with carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids and fatty acid metabolism. Most PMEs, acCoA, PAL, PODs, FADs, and AD were upregulated, and GAPDHs, PL, PG, BXL4, and β-G were downregulated, which reduced susceptibility of tomato seedlings to salt and promoted their salt tolerance. The application of c-GMP increased soluble sugar, flavonoid and lignin contents, reduced accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and enhanced the activity of peroxidase (POD). Thus, our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms associated with salt tolerance of tomato seedlings.
Keywords: c-GMP, differentially expressed genes, qRT-PCR, salt stress, secondary metabolites, tomato seedlings, transcription factor, transcriptome sequencing.
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