Systematic review of defense responses against Phytophthora and strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases in citrus
Adielle R. da Silva
A , Kaliane N. S. Pinto B , Bianca E. Maserti C , Hermes P. Santos-Filho D and Abelmon da S. Gesteira D E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
B Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil.
C Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biophysics, Via S. Lorenzo, I–56100 Pisa, Italy.
D Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura. Cruz das Almas, Bahia 44380-000, Brazil.
E Corresponding author. Email: abelmon.gesteira@embrapa.br
Functional Plant Biology 48(10) 963-972 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP20349
Submitted: 7 November 2020 Accepted: 20 May 2021 Published: 15 June 2021
Abstract
Phytophthora spp. are the causal agents of gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot, and fruit brown rot diseases that affect the roots, trunk, and fruits of citrus trees, causing severe economic losses. This work presents an updated systematic review addressing the defence responses in citrus against Phytophthora and the strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases. Applying a new method of search based on an explicit, rigorous, and transparent methodology. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the databases available for academic research. The main plant defence mechanisms reported in the cited papers are the hypersensitivity response, cell wall reinforcement, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and expression of defence-related genes. Moreover, the main strategies to manage Phytophthora root rot are organic compounds in the soil and biological control with fungi and bacteria. In addition, inhibition of Phytophthora gummosis or canker by applying new oomycota fungicides and reducing the incidence of brown fruit rot through the application of potassium phosphite have also been reported. Moreover, modern plant biotechnology techniques can help to accelerate the selection of resistant rootstocks in breeding programs, as controlled crossings for the generation of hybrids, somatic hybridisation, transgenic citrus plants, mapped genomic regions of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), candidate genes, metabolic markers and comparative transcriptomic. These innovative techniques represent a suitable tool to breed new Phytophthora resistant rootstocks, which is widely recognised as the best strategy to face gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot and ultimately minimise the expensive use of pesticides in crop protection.
Keywords: citrus, disease resistance, disease management, plant defense mechanisms, fungal pathogens, Phytophthora.
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