Compact panicle architecture is detrimental for growth as well as sucrose synthase activity of developing rice kernels
B. B. Panda A , A. K. Badoghar A , K. Das A , R. Panigrahi B , E. Kariali B , S. R. Das C , S. K. Dash D , B. P. Shaw A and P. K. Mohapatra B E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar 751023, India.
B School of Life Science, Sambalpur University, Jyoti vihar, Sambalpur 768019, India.
C Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India.
D Crop Improvement Division, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India.
E Corresponding author. Email: pravat1948@rediffmail.com
Functional Plant Biology 42(9) 875-887 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP14363
Submitted: 30 December 2014 Accepted: 29 May 2015 Published: 30 June 2015
Abstract
The increase of spikelet number in the panicles of modern super rice has made the architecture compact, as the extra spikelets are accommodated mostly on secondary branches than on primary branches. However, the grain yield did not improve because of poor grain filling, which was more visible in the basal spikelets than apical spikelets. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the compactness and positional difference of spikelets in the panicle on grain filling by comparing the activity and genetic expression of starch synthesising enzymes in the developing kernels of lax-(Upahar and CR3856–45–11–2-7–2-5 (CR-45)) and compact-(Mahalaxmi and CR3856–29–14–2-1–1-1 (CR-29)) panicle cultivars. Upahar and Mahalaxmi are genetically related, whereas CR-45 and CR-29 are recombinant inbred lines. The grain carbohydrate concentration and activity of sucrose synthase (SUS) enzyme were estimated during the active period of grain filling. Further, expression of isoforms of SUS, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (APL and APS for large and small units respectively) and starch synthase (SS and GBSS for soluble and granule bound starch synthases respectively) were also assayed through PCR studies. The genotype approach used revealed grain SUS activity and starch concentration high and sugar concentration low in the lax- compared with compact-panicle cultivars and in the apical spikelets compared with basal ones. The margin of variation between apical and basal spikelets was higher in the compact- than the lax-panicle cultivars. Genetic expression of most of the isoforms of the enzymes was higher in the lax- than the compact-panicle cultivars as seen in RT–PCR studies. A quantitative appraisal of transcript levels of isoforms in the qRT–PCR identified greater expression of SUS3 in the basal spikelets of Upahar than that in Mahalaxmi and in CR-45 over CR-29, most prominently during the active period of grain filling. We conclude that proximal location as well as increased density of spikelets on panicles affected SUS3 expression in the basal spikelets. The metabolic dominance of a spikelet in rice panicle is dependent on the expression of the genes for different isoforms of starch synthesising enzymes, but the expression of SUS3 could be more specific than the others. SUS3 expression is most active during grain filling of the lax-panicle cultivars, but its dominance is reduced significantly in the kernels of the compact-panicle cultivars.
Additional keywords: compact panicle, grain filling, inter-grain space, spikelet, sucrose synthase.
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