Irrigated Shiraz vines (Vitis vinifera) upregulate gas exchange and maintain berry growth in response to short spells of high maximum temperature in the field
Chris J. Soar A , Marisa J. Collins B and Victor O. Sadras A CA South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
B CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: sadras.victor@saugov.sa.gov.au
Functional Plant Biology 36(9) 801-814 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09101
Submitted: 6 May 2009 Accepted: 18 June 2009 Published: 3 September 2009
Abstract
We tested the hypotheses that (i) a short period of high maximum temperature disrupts gas exchange and arrests berry growth and sugar accumulation in irrigated Shiraz vines (Vitis vinifera L.), and (ii) the magnitude of these effects depend on the phenological window when stress occur. Using a system combining passive heating (greenhouse effect) and active cooling (fans) to control daytime temperature, we compared vines heated to a nominal maximum of 40°C for three consecutive days and untreated controls. Maximum air temperature in heated treatments was 7.3°C (2006–07) and 6.5°C (2007–08) above ambient. Heat episodes were aligned with the beginning of a weekly irrigation cycle and applied in one of four phenological windows, namely post-fruit set, pre-veraison, veraison and pre-harvest. Heating systems did not affect relative humidity, hence vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was increased in the heated treatments and tracked the daily cycle of temperature. Heat did not affect the dynamics of berry growth and sugar accumulation, except for a 16% reduction in berry size and sugar content in vines heated shortly after fruit set in 2006–07. Vines upregulated stomatal conductance and gas exchange in response to heat. Stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration at a common VPD were consistently higher in heated vines than in controls. We suggest that stomatal behaviour previously described as part of Shiraz anisohydric syndrome may be adaptive in terms of heat tolerance at the expense of short-term transpiration efficiency.
Additional keywords: photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, Syrah, transpiration efficiency, total soluble solids, vapour pressure deficit, Vitis vinifera.
Acknowledgements
We thank Brian Loveys for input in design of the chamber and insightful comments on the manuscript, Mike McCarthy for expert advice, and Tony Condon, Peter Clingeleffer and Everard Edwards for critical comments on the manuscript. Craig Chidgey, Tim Abbot, Kerryn O’Brien, Treva Hebberman, and Tony Gerlach provided valuable technical support. The Australian Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (Grants SAR 05–01; CSP 05–02) and the River Murray Improvement Program funded this research. VOS is an affiliate member of The University of Adelaide.
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