Register      Login
Australian Journal of Chemistry Australian Journal of Chemistry Society
An international journal for chemical science
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Friedel–Crafts Chemistry. Part 48. Concise Synthesis of Condensed Azaheterocyclic [1,8]naphthyridinones, Azepino-, Azocino-, and Azoninoquinoline Systems via Friedel–Crafts Ring Closures

Hassan A. K. Abd El-Aal
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt. Email: hassankotb33@yahoo.com

Australian Journal of Chemistry 70(10) 1082-1092 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH17108
Submitted: 20 February 2017  Accepted: 5 May 2017   Published: 6 June 2017

Abstract

Unprecedented construction of a novel series of quinoline heteropolycycles (tetracyclic keto-analogues of [1,8]naphthyridinones, azepino-, azocino- and azonino[2,3-b]quinolinones systems) 10a–i by Friedel–Crafts cycliacylation reactions is described. Starting heterocyclic acids precursors 3a–i were prepared from easily accessible 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde 1 via a three different synthetic pathways. Acid-catalyzed ring closures of the resulting tosylated acids were achieved under the influence of both Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysts. The present strategy enables a straightforward synthesis to fused tetracyclic quinolinone skeletons as demonstrated by concise and atom-economical syntheses.


References

[1]     (a) A. S. Wagman, M. P. Wentland, in Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II (Eds J. B. Taylor, D. J. Triggle) 2007, Vol. 7, pp. 567–596 (Elsevier Ltd: Oxford).
      (b) S. Schröter, C. Stock, T. Bach, Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 2245.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (c) M. McKenna, Nature 2012, 482, 23.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (d) S.-Y. Lin, C.-L. Chen, Y.-J. Lee, J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 2968.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) Y. Q. Tang, X. Z. Feng, L. Huang, Phytochemistry 1996, 43, 719.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) A. Lilienkampf, J. Mao, B. Wan, Y. Wang, S. G. Franzblau, A. P. Kozikowski, J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 2109.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (g) A. Koul, E. Arnoult, N. Lounis, J. Guillemont, K. Andries, Nature 2011, 469, 483.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (h) P. R. Donald, P. D. van Helden, N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360, 2393.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (i) C. Dye, B. G. Williams, Science 2010, 328, 856.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (j) E. Rajanarendar, M. Nagi Reddy, S. Rama Krishna, K. Rama Murthy, Y. N. Reddy, M. V. Rajam, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 273.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (k) C. Dye, Lancet 2006, 367, 938.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (l) S. Nagarajan, P. Arjun, N. Raaman, T. Mohan-Das, Carbohydr. Res. 2010, 345, 1988.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (m) R. G. Gould, W. A. Jacobs, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 2890.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[2]  (a) A. Ryckebusch, D. Garcin, A. Lansiaux, J.-F. Goossens, B. Baldeyrou, R. Houssin, C. Bailly, J.-P. Hénichar, J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 3617.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsVelsLk%3D&md5=bdc19104ba9cce7b92dcc96c2bd63d5bCAS |
      (b) L. F. Tietze, Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 115.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (c) S. Muthusamy, C. Gunanathan, M. Nethaji, J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 5631.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (d) J. P. Michael, Nat. Prod. Rep. 2008, 25, 166.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) A. V. Robertson, Aust. J. Chem. 1963, 16, 451.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) D. Wu, Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 8649.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (g) A. J. Walkinshaw, W. S. Xu, M. G. Suero, M. J. Gaunt, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 12532.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (h) K. Bush, M. J. Pucci, Biochem. Pharmacol. 2011, 82, 1528.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (i) H. Biere, W. Seelen, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1976, 1976, 1972.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[3]     (a) D. A. Casteel, in Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery 5 (Ed. M. E. Wolff) 1997, pp. 983–1033 (John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY).
      (b) K. Kaur, M. Jain, R. P. Reddy, R. Jain, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3245.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (c) P. W. Gething, A. P. Patil, D. L. Smith, C. A. Guerra, I. R. F. Elyazar, G. L. Johnston, A. J. Tatem, S. I. Hay, Malar. J. 2011, 10, 378.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (d) B. Baruah, P. J. Bhuyan, Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 7099.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) K. Komeyama, R. Igawa, K. Takaki, Chem. Commun. 2010, 1748.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) W. W. Zi, F. D. Toste, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 12600.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (g) R. E. Martin, R. V. Marchetti, A. I. Cowan, S. M. Howitt, S. Bröer, K. Kirk, Science 2009, 325, 1680.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (h) A. P. Gorka, J. N. Alumasa, K. S. Sherlach, L. M. Jacobs, K. B. Nickley, J. P. Brower, A. C. de Dios, P. D. Roepe, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2013, 57, 356.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[4]  (a) A. B. J. Bracca, D. A. Heredia, E. L. Larghi, T. S. Kaufman, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 7979.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXitVGls7jL&md5=5e938fadfb080e040808ab7dd74e0bf1CAS |
      (b) R. L. Yong, K. Hyuk, S. K. Wha, R. M. Kyung, K. Youngsoo, H. L. Seung, Synthesis 2001, 1851.
      (c) W. Zhong, W. Ma, Y. Liu, Tetrahedron 2011, 67, 3509.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (d) F. Yu, S. Yan, L. Hu, Y. Wang, J. Lin, Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4782.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) V. Singh, S. Hutait, S. Batra, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 3454.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) C. S. Schwalm, C. R. D. Correia, Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 4836.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (g) P. W. Okanya, K. I. Mohr, K. Gerth, R. Jansen, R. Muller, J. Nat. Prod. 2011, 74, 603.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[5]  R. G. Patel, M. P. Patel, S. A. Saiyad, Colourage 2005, 52, 39.
         | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xmt1KhsA%3D%3D&md5=9192e0412d36e191f656a251d5c64c9fCAS |

[6]  E. Gondek, I. V. Kityk, A. Danel, M. Pokladko, J. Sanetra, Mater. Lett. 2007, 61, 2018.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjsVensbc%3D&md5=0f885966ac0c69465fd2f41e1a35adc6CAS |

[7]  M. Balasubramanian, J. G. Keay, in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II (Eds A. R. Katritzky, C. W. Rees, E. F. V. Scriven) 1996, Vol. 5, pp. 245–290 (Pergamon Press: Oxford).

[8]  M. Sameiro, T. Gonçalves, Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 190.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[9]  D. A. Pearce, N. Jotterand, I. S. Carrico, B. Imperiali, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5160.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtVKhsbg%3D&md5=6eed6eb0c9a91f813f1b1ed0ead51e67CAS |

[10]  (a) E. David, S. Pellet-Rostaing, M. Lemaire, Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 8999.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXosVSmu7k%3D&md5=16ac52474c7553adea0ae6103963871bCAS |
      (b) S. Eswaran, A. V. Adhikari, R. A. Kumar, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 957.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (c) W.-T. Gao, W.-D. Hou, M.-R. Zheng, L.-J. Tang, Synth. Commun. 2010, 40, 732.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[11]  (a) P. T. Parvatkar, P. S. Parameswaran, S. G. Tilve, J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 8369.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtF2ltbjJ&md5=cccf7ef3c956ac5f1e71df22ad91ebadCAS |
      (b) V. Richard, M. Ipouck, D. S. Mérel, S. Gaillard, R. J. Whitby, B. Witulski, J.-L. Renaud, Chem. Commun. 2014, 593.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (c) F. D. Popp, W. E. McEwen, Chem. Rev. 1958, 58, 321.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (d) G. C. Muscia, S. I. Cazorla, F. M. Frank, G. L. Borosky, G. Y. Buldain, S. E. Asís, E. L. Malchiodi, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 3696.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) W. T. Gao, J. Liu, Y. Jiang, Y. Li, Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 210.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) Y. Li, C. H. Zhang, M. C. Sun, W. T. Gao, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2009, 46, 1190.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[12]  M. A. Abass, Heterocycles 2005, 65, 901.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjs12qs7s%3D&md5=7ad24da0a1d660fa22814a6c2fb8f2c7CAS |

[13]  N. Sakai, D. Aoki, T. Hamajima, T. Konakahara, Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 1261.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XotFKjuw%3D%3D&md5=ac5191cf563361c31b9427fd57783c45CAS |

[14]  S. E. Denmark, S. Venkatraman, J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1668.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XotlWhsA%3D%3D&md5=b5bc163810971fedfa1efb4fedd1df63CAS |

[15]  R. Varala, R. Enugala, S. R. Adapa, Synthesis 2006, 3825.
         | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlWqsL7L&md5=fa0b9135f5e456c4fd94e36d860b9311CAS |

[16]  A. J. Hodgkinson, B. Staskun, J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 1709.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1MXktlyktLc%3D&md5=d40693034f419019475353582bde3bc8CAS |

[17]  B. Jiang, Y. C. Si, J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 9449.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovFSku74%3D&md5=84b959ede9c59d2e452cf4f687e6dc75CAS |

[18]  R. J. Linderman, S. K. Kirollos, Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 2689.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXlsFahs7k%3D&md5=57d913d2aa9777379df4801b22fc7d30CAS |

[19]  S. T. Selvi, V. Nadaraj, S. Mohan, R. Sasi, ARKIVOC 2006, x, 82.

[20]  V. V. Kouznetsov, B. A. R. Romero, L. A. Saavedra, Synthesis 2009, 4219.
         | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXit1altg%3D%3D&md5=b2c86604121dae35538697682342bbb7CAS |

[21]  T. Miyai, Y. Onishi, A. Baba, Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 6291.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXltlKmsbY%3D&md5=725d45650997de68f59443bb87da078dCAS |

[22]  A. Seoane, N. Casanova, N. Quiñones, J. L. Mascareñas, M. Gulías, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 834.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFWltb7N&md5=c722a69b7ba70c6d39a5a6347c0c76a9CAS |

[23]  T. P. Loh, L. L. Wei, Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 323.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXltVSgsA%3D%3D&md5=f938a678e0d70d687ba8b82298469995CAS |

[24]  G. K. Friestad, C. S. Korapala, H. Ding, J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 281.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1Gisr7K&md5=967c04222d250f4f5ac67ebcc59303a7CAS |

[25]  A. Saito, J. Kasai, T. Konishi, Y. Hanzawa, J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 6980.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFKmtL7F&md5=2999ff87aa2da3ab7209b8bba7305e97CAS |

[26]  M. Yasuda, T. Saito, M. Ueba, A. Baba, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1414.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivFahtLw%3D&md5=2a24834b37b2af7e097a72dccebd7991CAS |

[27]  (a) O. Di Pietro, E. Vicente-García, M. C. Taylor, D. Berenguer, E. Viayna, A. Lanzoni, I. Sola, H. Sayago, C. Riera, R. Fisa, M. V. Clos, B. Perez, J. M. Kelly, R. Lavilla, D. Munoz-Torrero, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 105, 120.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhslKhu7bK&md5=7898159a14063aeb53e7d82f93958015CAS |
      (b) M. Baumann, I. R. Baxendale, J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 10806.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
         (c) Y. Ishihara, T. Doi, H. Nagabukuro, Y. Shichi, European Patent 1 891 954 A2 2008.
      (d) R. Hayes, O. Meth-Cohn, Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 1613.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
         (e) Y. Kuroki, H. Fujiwara, S. Nishino, I. Nakamura, H. Tokunaga, European Patent 0 430 485 A2 1991.
      (f) Y. K. Kang, D. Y. Kim, Chem. Commun. 2014, 222.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (g) R. Apodaca, C. A. Dvorak, W. Xiao, A. J. Barbier, J. D. Boggs, S. J. Wilson, T. W. Lovenberg, N. I. Carruthers, J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 3938.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
         (h) G. Lavielle, B. Cimetiere, T. Verbeuren, S. Simonet, J.-J. Descombes, European Patent 1,118,610 (Cl.Cp7D211/32), Appl. 2000/623 2000.

[28]     (a) For a review on natural products with medium-sized-ring nitrogen heterocycles, see: D. C. Oniciu, in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry III (Eds A. R. Katritzky, C. A. Ramsden, E. F. V. Scriven, R. J. K. Taylor) 2008, Vol. 14, pp. 1–47 (Pergamon Press: New York, NY).
         (b) T. K. Devon, A. I. Scott, Handbook of Naturally Occurring Compounds Vol. II 1972 (Academic: New York, NY).
      (c) M. Righi, A. Bedini, G. Piersanti, F. Romagnoli, G. Spadoni, J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 704.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (d) D. Tsvelikhovsky, S. L. Buchwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 14048.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) A. Kapat, E. Nyfeler, G. T. Giuffredi, P. Renaud, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 17746.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) D. Antonow, D. E. Thurston, Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 2815.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[29]  (a) D. Bolten, M. Türk, J. Supercrit. Fluids 2012, 66, 389.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xms1eju74%3D&md5=209549f09ac28655afbfe5357833d59cCAS |
      (b) C. B. Dodrill, A. S. Troupin, Neurology 1977, 27, 1023.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (c) C. J. Strachan, T. Rades, D. A. Newnham, K. C. Gordon, M. Pepper, P. F. Taday, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 390, 20.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (d) J. Pauli, T. Vag, R. Haag, M. Spieles, M. Wenzel, W. A. Kaiser, U. Resch-Genger, I. Hilger, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 44, 3496.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) M. M. Bradford, Anal. Biochem. 1976, 72, 248.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) P. Forte-Tavčer, Dyes Pigm. 2004, 63, 181.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (g) H. Hayashi, H. Nakao, S.-Y. Onozawa, A. Adachi, T. Hayashi, K. Okita, Polym. J. 2003, 35, 704.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[30]  (a) N. Guenault, P. Odou, H. Robert, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2003, 59, 781.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3srptFKrug%3D%3D&md5=a1eb9d1e414a5d5b72cb90ba1e90d7a0CAS |
      (b) S. Shorvon, Seizure 2000, 9, 75.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (c) H. V. Kumar, C. K. Kumar, N. Nagaraja, Med. Chem. Res. 2011, 20, 101.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (d) H. J. Dengler, E. O. Titus, Biochem. Pharmacol. 1961, 8, 64.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) K. A. Wesnes, C. Edgar, A. D. Dean, S. J. Wroe, Epilepsy Behav. 2009, 14, 522.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) P. Di Fruscia, H. Ka-Kei, L. Sasiwan, K. Mattaka, H. B. K. Sebastian, A. I. Suhail, J. E. S. Michael, S. Karin, J. Manfred, W. F. L. Eric, F. L. Matthew, MedChemComm 2012, 3, 373.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[31]  R. Kuhn, Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 1957, 87, 1135.
         | 1:STN:280:DyaG1c%2FgvFyltg%3D%3D&md5=a0c31365052ad032b85ce854e875692aCAS |

[32]  (a) C. Galli, L. Mandolini, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 3117.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvFSisrw%3D&md5=bda8ca086a82af0a9b4d93966629ef9cCAS |
         (b) E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds 1994 (Wiley: New York, NY).

[33]  R. H. Grubbs, in Handbook of Metathesis (Ed. R. H. Grubbs) 2003, Vol. 2, Ch. 2.2, pp. 5–127 (Wiley-VCH: Weinheim).

[34]  D. L. Boger, S. M. Weinreb, Hetero Diels–Alder Methodology in Organic Synthesis 1987 (Academic Press: New York, NY).

[35]  J. Limanto, M. L. Snapper, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 8071.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltlagur0%3D&md5=1f83a1195747e4a4e859208348a46f07CAS |

[36]  P. A. Wender, J. P. Christy, A. B. Lesser, M. T. Gieseler, Angew. Chem. 2009, 121, 7823.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[37]  J. Marco-Contelles, E. De Opazo, J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3705.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtlOgs7Y%3D&md5=e0eca86a306001f86c574b3481d5dbadCAS |

[38]  J. Marco-Contelles, E. De Opazo, J. Carbohydr. Chem. 2002, 21, 201.and references cited therein.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1ansL4%3D&md5=139bd5b71cbf66da0ca4df7375b26ec4CAS |

[39]  L. F. Tietze, G. Brasche, K. M. Gericke, Domino Reactions in Organic Synthesis 2006 (Wiley-VCH: Weinheim).

[40]  M. T. Crimmins, T. L. Reinhold, Org. React. 1993, 44, 297.
         | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlsFKktbw%3D&md5=67877be46dbc05e745a2121a4665d7fbCAS |

[41]  M. Á. Fernández-Rodríguez, P. García-García, E. Aguilar, Chem. Commun. 2010, 7670.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[42]     (a) A. Mondon, in Chemistry of the Alkaloids (Ed. S.W. Pelletier) 1970, pp. 173–196 (Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, NY).
      (b) N. Neuss, M. Gorman, H. E. Boaz, N. J. Cone, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 1509.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (c) D. Robaa, C. Enzensperger, S. E. AbulAzm, M. M. Hefnawy, H. I. El-Subbagh, T. A. Wani, J. Lehmann, J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 7422.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[43]  (a) H. A. K. Abd El-Aal, A. A. Khalaf, Aust. J. Chem. 2013, 66, 635.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXps1ygtrc%3D&md5=6175971313c379a740b0459c7cf103a7CAS |
      (b) H. A. K. Abd El-Aal, A. A. Khalaf, ARKIVOC 2013, iv, 306.

[44]  H. A. K. Abd El-Aal, A. A. Khalaf, Aust. J. Chem. 2016, 69, 652.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XpsVOgtrw%3D&md5=82b58ea716203d1152aa09e38e38f267CAS |

[45]     (a) G. A. Olah, in Friedel–Crafts Chemistry (Ed. G. A. Olah) 1973, pp. 343–368 (Wiley: New York, NY).
         (b) L. R. C. Barclay, in Friedel–Crafts and Related Reactions (Ed. G. A. Olah) 1964, Vol. II, Ch. 22, pp. 785–794 (Wiley Interscience: New York, NY) and references therein.
         (c) R. M. Roberts, A. A. Khalaf, FriedelCrafts Chemistry: A Century of Discovery 1984 (Marcel Dekker: New York, NY)
      (d) M. Bandini, A. Melloni, S. Tommasi, A. Umani-Ronchi, Synlett 2005, 1199.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (e) T. B. Poulsen, K. A. Jørgensen, Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 2903.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
      (f) V. Terrasson, R. Marcia de Figueiredo, J. M. Campagne, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 2635.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[46]  O. Meth-Cohn, B. Narine, B. Tarnowiski, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1981, 1520.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXkvFOmtr8%3D&md5=20a0902fd329fd404a7f25bdcda321b1CAS |

[47]  R. K. Sodhi, S. Paul, J. H. Clark, Green Chem. 2012, 14, 1649.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xns1Srs7w%3D&md5=7a842dd38ca1b42ed97cbbbef5038d3eCAS |

[48]  N. S. Narasimhan, N. M. Sunder, R. Ammanamanchi, B. D. Bonde, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4431.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXitlCksb8%3D&md5=8e6175be8800364310f53bfbdaa7ef5cCAS |

[49]  S. W. Johnson, L. E. Woroch, G. B. Buell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 1901.
         | Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaH1MXks1Cmsw%3D%3D&md5=b269a76f4c79f809f0217a54a0f8672eCAS |