RAFT Copolymerization of Styrene/Divinylbenzene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Gabriel Jaramillo-Soto A and Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D.F., México.
B Corresponding author. Email: vivaldo@unam.mx
Australian Journal of Chemistry 65(8) 1177-1185 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH12291
Submitted: 16 June 2012 Accepted: 20 July 2012 Published: 6 August 2012
Abstract
An experimental study on the kinetics of the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion copolymerization with crosslinking of styrene and divinylbenzene in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is presented. This is the first time that such a controlled polymer network synthesis is carried out in scCO2. S-Thiobenzoyl thioglycolic acid (TBTGA) and dibenzoyl peroxide were used as RAFT agent and initiator, respectively. The polymerizations were carried out in a high pressure cell with lateral sapphire windows at 80°C. The effect of RAFT agent concentration, including the case without RAFT controller, on polymerization rate, molecular weight development, gel fraction, swelling index, and particle morphology was analysed.
References
[1] M. G. Krakovyak, T. D. Ananieva, E. V. Anufrieva, J. Macromol. Sci., Polym. R. 1993, 33, 181.| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[2] F. L. Buchholz, Applications of Superabsorbent Polymers, in Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology 1998, pp. 252–258 (Eds F. L. Buchholz, A. T. Graham) (Wiley-VCH: New York, NY).
[3] J. Tiihonen, M. Laatikainen, I. Markkanen, E. Paatero, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1999, 38, 4832.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXntVGnu7c%3D&md5=3d04ae5af3cff1e800a49aa38b52b5c0CAS |
[4] M. Iborra, J. Tejero, F. Cunill, J. F. Izquierdo, C. Fité, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2000, 39, 1416.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvVykur4%3D&md5=bd4b61adcc191623f77a529b23ffb78bCAS |
[5] H. Li, Y. Jiao, M. Xu, Z. Shi, B. He, Polymer 2004, 45, 181.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXps1yrtLg%3D&md5=dfbcf4222b12b6744a9f071495a0c8f2CAS |
[6] F. C. Huang, I. C. H. Ke, C. Y. Kao, W. C. Lee, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 80, 39.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXht1Kgu7k%3D&md5=f2894dda2fbdfd1d325c2e72b96b6664CAS |
[7] S. E. Shim, S. Yang, M. J. Jin, Y. H. Chang, S. Choe, Colloid Polym. Sci. 2004, 283, 41.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsFCiur8%3D&md5=345af7bde2d47627017826ee8186ca39CAS |
[8] W. A. Braunecker, K. Matyjaszewski, Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 93.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsFKmt7s%3D&md5=aa982f7314d46dfa06ebff5f5279465cCAS |
[9] P. B. Zetterlund, Y. Kagawa, M. Okubo, Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 3747.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVChsLvP&md5=eff51465bd58c2b5a244ac2312dbef3bCAS |
[10] C. Boyer, V. Bulmus, T. P. Davis, V. Ladmiral, J. Liu, S. Perrier, Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5402.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFCqtbvP&md5=2f4b95b050a6ce8b464972d503a30d01CAS |
[11] G. Moad, E. Rizzardo, S. H. Thang, Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVers7bN&md5=fb2b73394696eb457b81af596f1722b8CAS |
[12] R. B. Grubbs, Polym. Rev. 2011, 51, 104.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXltl2gsL8%3D&md5=f8baa4ad8c77b2859d1f3374fb00e23bCAS |
[13] D. Bertin, D. Gigmes, S. R. A. Marque, P. Tordo, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 2189.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXkvVWjtbg%3D&md5=c5fb72d9a1779e1d0f1588c0ac145ef4CAS |
[14] K. Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules 2012, 45, 4015.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XlsVaqs7w%3D&md5=d60f3a4b97cde753ed0ade79e3a028a1CAS |
[15] J. C. Hernández-Ortiz, E. Vivaldo-Lima, Crosslinking, in Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization and Processing 2013, Chapter 9 (Eds E. Saldivar-Guerra, E. Vivaldo-Lima) (Wiley-Blackwell: New York, NY).
[16] N. Ide, T. Fukuda, Macromolecules 1997, 30, 4268.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkt12mt78%3D&md5=007395a5fce736807e6916c808b143b6CAS |
[17] N. Ide, T. Fukuda, Macromolecules 1999, 32, 95.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnvVKltrk%3D&md5=d776c29a0cf1147b6f0aea7d23e706d0CAS |
[18] A. R. Kannurpatti, S. Lu, G. M. Bunker, C. N. Bowman, Macromolecules 1996, 29, 7310.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xmt1ehsb0%3D&md5=c62ceba0ff2f63d81b1a6fe722adb486CAS |
[19] A. R. Kannurpatti, K. J. Anderson, J. W. Anseth, C. N. Bowman, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1997, 35, 2297.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmt1OisLo%3D&md5=a6ff9c8aa5d03787aacead4d1e09be82CAS |
[20] A. R. Kannurpatti, J. W. Anseth, C. N. Bowman, Polymer 1998, 39, 2507.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXisVOnsbY%3D&md5=27dbdbf43014536f6c3a37892f9bd63fCAS |
[21] J. H. Ward, N. A. Peppas, Macromolecules 2000, 33, 5137.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjvVShs7o%3D&md5=29a7e2ef6ad4c9c5db70ece501816829CAS |
[22] F. Asgarzadeh, P. Ourdouillie, E. Beyou, P. Chaumont, Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6996.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlvV2hs7k%3D&md5=c59b8949bb15d48ffe1ec43aba55311fCAS |
[23] C. Jiang, Y. Shen, S. Zhu, D. Hunkeler, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2001, 39, 3780.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvVWlu7s%3D&md5=c6a8efe184a6f6890cda633b9c8fd043CAS |
[24] Q. Yu, F. Zeng, S. Zhu, Macromolecules 2001, 34, 1612.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtVynur0%3D&md5=78694b010b54ad41ae943fb7d0c2cbf3CAS |
[25] Q. Yu, J. Zhang, M. Cheng, S. Zhu, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2006, 207, 287.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhs1alt7g%3D&md5=e531164c9192345d3011d5ca6eee54ebCAS |
[26] F. Isaure, P. A. G. Cormack, S. Graham, D. C. Sherrington, S. P. Armes, V. Buetuen, Chem. Commun. 2004, 1138.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjsVOrsr8%3D&md5=ebb2d7314ff7a5c318c1ab28f535e377CAS |
[27] Y. Li, S. P. Armes, Macromolecules 2005, 38, 8155.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXovFWhsr8%3D&md5=42078f1ea33bcdb611494769277f7f8aCAS |
[28] A. R. Wang, S. Zhu, Polym. Eng. Sci. 2005, 45, 720.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjvFarsrc%3D&md5=a895657e45e4371461f611cc238cbe69CAS |
[29] A. R. Wang, S. Zhu, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2005, 43, 5710.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFygtLbL&md5=b772a3cde5cc63e92630330b38222994CAS |
[30] N. V. Tsarevsky, K. Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules 2005, 38, 3087.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXis1OhtLk%3D&md5=2584034861386c01a914292c9ab132efCAS |
[31] I. Bannister, N. C. Billingham, S. P. Armes, S. P. Rannard, P. Findlay, Macromolecules 2006, 39, 7483.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVShs7zK&md5=57f08c56232df2392a4e1a431f27084cCAS |
[32] F. Gong, H. Tang, C. Liu, B. Jiang, Q. Ren, Y. Yang, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 101, 850.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XltF2jtLg%3D&md5=a683468524670e49150cf15c4b354ac9CAS |
[33] H. Tang, F. Gong, C. Liu, Q. Ren, Y. Yang, B. Jiang, C. Liu, J. Chen, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 105, 3132.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnvFaktbc%3D&md5=dc68821ab9740982c1ee7c86c6035856CAS |
[34] G. Haidan, H. Wenyan, Z. Dongliang, G. Fanghong, L. Chunlin, Y. Yang, C. Jianhai, J. Bibiao, Polymer 2008, 49, 4101.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[35] J. A. Johnson, D. R. Lewis, D. D. Diaz, M. G. Finn, J. T. Koberstein, N. J. Turro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 6564.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjvFyjur8%3D&md5=ecbd7ad8bdc8b285e79772712b5fe3e6CAS |
[36] J. K. Oh, C. Tang, H. Gao, N. V. Tsarevsky, K. Matyjaszewski, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 5578.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjtVaqtbc%3D&md5=4eab43293a38648c7fb798186f9447d0CAS |
[37] H. Gao, K. Min, K. Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules 2007, 40, 7763.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtV2hsbrN&md5=ef923310c24f5021fc5fc67d90fa1905CAS |
[38] H. Gao, W. Li, K. Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules 2008, 41, 2335.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjtlShtLs%3D&md5=20b5dd42c2430530f570fb47482a1120CAS |
[39] S. Abrol, P. A. Kambouris, M. G. Looney, D. H. Solomon, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1997, 18, 755.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmtF2nsbo%3D&md5=15093a8a7829c09c24ba058766f7f083CAS |
[40] S. Abrol, P. A. Kambouris, M. G. Looney, D. H. Solomon, Polymer 2001, 42, 5987.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXisF2nsr4%3D&md5=f644a85cdfb0f1e399aa674fe895f9c1CAS |
[41] E. C. Peters, F. Svec, J. N. J. Frechet, C. Viklund, K. Irgum, Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6377.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlt1agurc%3D&md5=99b8d243b15e53c41538f9bc997d6f3bCAS |
[42] C. Viklund, A. Nordström, K. Irgum, F. Svec, J. M. J. Frechet, Macromolecules 2001, 34, 4361.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjsFWhsLY%3D&md5=a2d453801bf6da0f0b9b5fd9469d1033CAS |
[43] P. B. Zetterlund, M. N. Alam, H. Minami, M. Okubo, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005, 26, 955.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlvFSqs78%3D&md5=814b8eef60de6733c13e32541f1cb08dCAS |
[44] M. N. Alam, P. B. Zetterlund, M. Okubo, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2006, 207, 1732.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFars7vP&md5=e68350804dc61da5923f7163f547c157CAS |
[45] Y. Saka, P. B. Zetterlund, M. Okubo, Polymer 2007, 48, 1229.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXit1Gqtr0%3D&md5=264b98bae78f602baae074de5994d862CAS |
[46] T. Tanaka, T. Suzuki, Y. Saka, P. B. Zetterlund, M. Okubo, Polymer 2007, 48, 3836.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmt1KjsLg%3D&md5=b45e5f7c370186e6389121410425333dCAS |
[47] T. Hirano, K. Tanaka, H. Wang, M. Seno, T. Sato, Polymer 2005, 46, 8964.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVSqs7zJ&md5=ba036347ba82e2e6bb8f52cc07926cfbCAS |
[48] E. Tuinman, N. T. McManus, M. Roa-Luna, E. Vivaldo-Lima, L. M. F. Lona, A. Penlidis, J. Macromol. Sci. A 2006, 43, 995.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[49] V. Crescenzi, M. Dentini, D. Bontempo, G. Masci, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2002, 203, 1285.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmsVSmt70%3D&md5=c125c978faa6baa8876a0159703596e5CAS |
[50] L. Barner, C. Li, X. Hao, M. H. Stenzel, C. Barner-Kowollik, T. P. Davis, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2004, 42, 5067.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXotlGrs7g%3D&md5=f3a6c99d2dcff787d95a86d7b29df036CAS |
[51] T. Norisuye, T. Morinaga, Q. Tran-Cong-Miyata, A. Goto, T. Fukuda, M. Shibayama, Polymer 2005, 46, 1982.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhs1aitrw%3D&md5=b7a91c41c0b8e4921ac99143d4c32e01CAS |
[52] B. Liu, A. Kazlauciunas, J. T. Guthrie, S. Perrier, Macromolecules 2005, 38, 2131.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1aqs7k%3D&md5=8abe41765413a84b23682600a7948a92CAS |
[53] B. Liu, A. Kazlauciunas, J. T. Guthrie, S. Perrier, Polymer 2005, 46, 6293.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXntVCmu7w%3D&md5=91aad81be14fa87f7802ec7b7f5ba561CAS |
[54] D. Taton, J.-F. Baussard, L. Dupayage, J. Poly, Y. Gnanou, V. Ponsinet, M. Destarac, C. Mignaud, C. Pitois, Chem. Commun. 2006, 1953.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XktFejtbs%3D&md5=770e1655b0fd9c659cd88f2be16476ecCAS |
[55] T. C. Krasia, C. S. Patrickios, Macromolecules 2006, 39, 2467.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitFGrsrc%3D&md5=3c7abc48d9804d7bfd9ebf7314e9ef9dCAS |
[56] M. Achilleos, T. Krasia-Christoforou, C. S. Patrickios, Macromolecules 2007, 40, 5575.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntVyjsLs%3D&md5=b51eee18b342fbb21f888389ab5f7a46CAS |
[57] Q. Liu, P. Zhang, A. Qing, Y. Lan, M. Lu, Polymer 2006, 47, 2330.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XislWlsLw%3D&md5=9265ba0e31e2a7e4b1253ef73e446098CAS |
[58] Y. Lin, X. Liu, X. Li, J. Zhan, Y. Li, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2007, 45, 26.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlCnsrfO&md5=92b93194116bac043c1c5085297099cbCAS |
[59] Z.-M. Dong, X.-H. Liu, Y. Lin, Y.-S. Li, J. Polym. Sci., Part A; Polym. Chem. 2008, 46, 6023.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFCrtbvM&md5=62dbe7eb03eba0828a1a124d06a7f5f4CAS |
[60] Q. Yu, Y. Zhu, Y. Ding, S. Zhu, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2008, 209, 551.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktVegsrc%3D&md5=8bc2f2dc1a609878cdfc9c399abb679cCAS |
[61] J. Poly, D. J. Wilson, M. Destarac, D. Tatonet, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 1965.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtFSlsA%3D%3D&md5=a28652005df60e8d5c4820a77bb28086CAS |
[62] J. C. Hernández-Ortiz, E. Vivaldo-Lima, L. M. F. Lona, N. T. McManus, A. Penlidis, Macromol. React. Eng. 2009, 3, 288.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[63] H. Gao, K. Matyjaszewski, Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 34, 317.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjsl2hsL8%3D&md5=22491f182a362131efe005ef9bc22de4CAS |
[64] G. Moad, E. Rizzardo, S. H. Thang, Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFeqsr%2FM&md5=dbce39d0fb32872e6e9f9a55bde54681CAS |
[65] N. Sanson, J. Rieger, Polym. Chem. 2010, 1, 965.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtl2ms7bM&md5=ae0fca722913dc56628741ec98e9c026CAS |
[66] M. A. McHugh, V. J. Krukonis, Supercritical Fluids Extraction: Principles and Practice 1994, 2nd edn (Butterworth-Heinemann: Stoneham, MA).
[67] M. A. McHugh, T. L. Guckes, Macromolecules 1985, 18, 674.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhs1Omtro%3D&md5=42ddc3044fd382848d3566322768033cCAS |
[68] D. K. Taylor, R. Carbonell, J. M. DeSimone, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 2000, 25, 115.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[69] D. A. Canelas, J. M. DeSimone, Adv. Polym. Sci. 1997, 133, 103.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmtlGqu7Y%3D&md5=8a56586ea9f44aa7bdadd8cedaea30c6CAS |
[70] J. L. Kendall, D. A. Canelas, J. L. Young, J. M. DeSimone, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 543.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXks1Klsg%3D%3D&md5=ff62bb8f1b4c0b95cdcd01f2bd124271CAS |
[71] P. A. Charpentier, K. A. Kennedy, J. M. DeSimone, G. W. Roberts, Macromolecules 1999, 32, 5973.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltVGhsb0%3D&md5=8d509b1b53c4444d88fd66f9e9334cedCAS |
[72] P. B. Zetterlund, F. Aldabbagh, M. Okubo, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2009, 47, 3711.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntlGgsrw%3D&md5=86c00bad6511b449576fa70ddb327f80CAS |
[73] K. Thurecht, S. M. Howdle, Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 786.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpvFeltr4%3D&md5=2784bda8ae4e2c837eb374bef5b408ecCAS |
[74] L. Du, J. Y. Kelly, G. W. Roberts, J. M. DeSimone, J. Supercrit. Fluids 2009, 47, 447.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptlyqtg%3D%3D&md5=09b959ed258e001aba7f1e98d4252507CAS |
[75] T. Erdmenger, C. Guerrero-Sanchez, J. Vitz, R. Hoogenboom, U. S. Schubert, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 3317.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXptFyhu7k%3D&md5=127b992af363ec1253b3075357c6722dCAS |
[76] A. I. Cooper, W. P. Hems, A. B. Holmes, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 353.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkvVSjur0%3D&md5=939af2eefbd950685dfb388b1773b824CAS |
[77] A. I. Cooper, W. P. Hems, A. B. Holmes, Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2156.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhs1Wmt7w%3D&md5=972fd4b4d9c7e6402f4d1ab6c214a0d9CAS |
[78] P. R. García-Morán, G. Jaramillo-Soto, M. E. Albores-Velasco, E. Vivaldo-Lima, Macromol. React. Eng. 2009, 3, 58.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[79] M. Roa-Luna, G. Jaramillo-Soto, P. V. Castañeda-Flores, E. Vivaldo-Lima, Chem. Eng. Technol. 2010, 33, 1893.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlansL3L&md5=1638ac53fe5dca231a12e6f1ec53dcddCAS |
[80] S. Beuermann, M. Buback, Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization in Homogeneous Phase of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Polymer Reaction Engineering 2005, Chapter 4, pp. 55–80 (Eds M. F. Kemmere, T. Meyer) (Wiley-VCH: Weinheim).
[81] P. A. Muller, B. Bonavoglia, G. Storti, M. Morbidelli, Heterogeneous Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Polymer Reaction Engineering 2005, Chapter 6, pp. 105–138 (Eds M. F. Kemmere, T. Meyer) (Wiley-VCH: Weinheim).
[82] P. A. Mueller, G. Storti, M. Morbidelli, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2005, 60, 377.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVGisb7F&md5=5c9839342705129d568440389ac39a83CAS |
[83] I. A. Quintero-Ortega, G. Jaramillo-Soto, P. R. García-Morán, M. L. Castellanos-Cárdenas, G. Luna-Bárcenas, E. Vivaldo-Lima, Macromol. React. Eng. 2008, 2, 304.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXpsFOlu7o%3D&md5=e1a12e5be54c2f7248452b4d3f93464dCAS |
[84] R. F. T. Stepto, Pure Appl. Chem. 2009, 81, 351.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[85] Q. Yu, S. Xu, H. Zhang, Y. Ding, S. Zhu, Polymer 2009, 50, 3488.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXoslGgtLY%3D&md5=a45c4ebfe511375f8cdb68d5ce3dc0e0CAS |
