Galaxies on Sub-Galactic Scales
Helmut Jerjen
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Australian National University, Mt. Stromlo Observatory, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
B Email: jerjen@mso.anu.edu.au
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 29(4) 383-394 https://doi.org/10.1071/AS11023
Submitted: 7 June 2011 Accepted: 9 August 2011 Published: 13 October 2011
Journal Compilation © Astronomical Society of Australia 2012
Abstract
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has been immensely successful in detecting new Milky Way satellite galaxies over the past seven years. It was instrumental in finding examples of the least luminous galaxies we know in the Universe, uncovering apparent inconsistencies between cold dark matter theory and dwarf galaxy properties, providing first evidence for a possible lower mass limit for dark matter halos in visible galaxies, and reopening the discussion about the building block scenario for the Milky Way halo. Nonetheless, these results are still drawn only from a relatively small number of galaxies distributed over an area covering about 29% of the sky, which leaves us currently with more questions than answers. The study of these extreme stellar systems is a multi-parameter problem: ages, metallicities, star formation histories, dark matter contents, population fractions and spatial distributions must be determined. Progress in the field is discussed and attention drawn to some of the limitations that currently hamper our ability to fully understand the phenomenon of the ‘ultra-faint dwarf galaxy’. In this context, the Stromlo Milky Way Satellite Survey represents a new initiative to systematically search and scrutinize optically elusive Milky Way satellite galaxies in the Southern hemisphere. In doing so, the program aims at investigating some of the challenging questions in stellar evolution, galaxy formation and near-field cosmology.
Keywords: galaxies: dwarf — galaxies: kinematics and dynamics — surveys — galaxies: stellar content — galaxies: evolution — Local Group — cosmology: theory — dark matter — stars: abundances
References
Aaronson, M., 1983, ApJL, 266, L11| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Adén, D., Wilkinson, M. I., Read, J. I., Feltzing, S., Koch, A., Gilmore, G. F., Grebel, E. K. and Lundström, I., 2009, ApJL, 706, L150
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aparicio, A., Carrera, R. and Martínez-Delgado, D., 2001, AJ, 122, 2524
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Armandroff, T. E. and Da Costa, G. S., 1986, AJ, 92, 777
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Banerjee, A. and Jog, C. J., 2011, ApJL, 732, L8+
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bellazzini, M., Ibata, R. A., Chapman, S. C., Mackey, A. D., Monaco, L., Irwin, M. J., Martin, N. F., Lewis, G. F. and Dalessandro, E., 2008, AJ, 136, 1147
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Irwin, M. J., Lynden-Bell, D., Yanny, B., Vidrih, S., Gilmore, G., Seabroke, G., Zucker, D. B., Wilkinson, M. I., Hewett, P. C., Bramich, D. M., Fellhauer, M., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. G., Beers, T. C., Bell, E. F., Barentine, J. C., Brinkmann, J., Cole, N., Pan, K. and York, D. G., 2007a, ApJ, 658, 337
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belokurov, V., Walker, M. G., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J., Just, D., Koposov, S., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E., Watkins, L. and Wyrzykowski, L., 2010, ApJL, 712, L103
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belokurov, V., Walker, M. G., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J., Mateo, M., Mayer, L., Olszewski, E., Bechtold, J. and Pickering, T., 2009, MNRAS, 397, 1748
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belokurov, V., Zucker, D. B., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G., Vidrih, S., Bramich, D. M., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. G., Irwin, M. J., Fellhauer, M., Hewett, P. C., Walton, N. A., Wilkinson, M. I., Cole, N., Yanny, B., Rockosi, C. M., Beers, T. C., Bell, E. F., Brinkmann, J., Ivezić, Ž. and Lupton, R., 2006a, ApJL, 642, L137
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belokurov, V., Zucker, D. B., Evans, N. W., Kleyna, J. T., Koposov, S., Hodgkin, S. T., Irwin, M. J., Gilmore, G., Wilkinson, M. I., Fellhauer, M., Bramich, D. M., Hewett, P. C., Vidrih, S., De Jong, J. T. A., Smith, J. A., Rix, H., Bell, E. F., Wyse, R. F. G., Newberg, H. J., Mayeur, P. A., Yanny, B., Rockosi, C. M., Gnedin, O. Y., Schneider, D. P., Beers, T. C., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H., Brinkmann, J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Nitta, A. and Snedden, S. A., 2007b, ApJ, 654, 897
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belokurov, V., Zucker, D. B., Evans, N. W., Wilkinson, M. I., Irwin, M. J., Hodgkin, S., Bramich, D. M., Irwin, J. M., Gilmore, G., Willman, B., Vidrih, S., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. G., Fellhauer, M., Hewett, P. C., Cole, N., Bell, E. F., Beers, T. C., Rockosi, C. M., Yanny, B., Grebel, E. K., Schneider, D. P., Lupton, R., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H., Brinkmann, J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Nitta, A., Smith, J. A. and Snedden, S. A., 2006b, ApJL, 647, L111
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bessell, M., Bloxham, G., Schmidt, B., Keller, S., Tisserand, P. and Francis, P., 2011, PASP, 123, 789
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bessell, M. S. and Norris, J., 1984, ApJ, 285, 622
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cannon, R. D., Hawarden, T. G. and Tritton, S. B., 1977, MNRAS, 180, 81P
Carlin, J. L., Grillmair, C. J., Muñoz, R. R., Nidever, D. L. and Majewski, S. R., 2009, ApJL, 702, L9
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carrera, R., Aparicio, A., Martínez-Delgado, D. and Alonso-García, J., 2002, AJ, 123, 3199
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Christlieb, N., Gustafsson, B., Korn, A. J., Barklem, P. S., Beers, T. C., Bessell, M. S., Karlsson, T. and Mizuno-Wiedner, M., 2004, ApJ, 603, 708
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clementini, G. 2010, in Variable Stars, the Galactic halo and Galaxy Formation, ed. C. Sterken, N. Samus, & L. Szabados, 107–+
Coleman, M. G., de Jong, J. T. A., Martin, N. F., Rix, H.-W., Sand, D. J., Bell, E. F., Pogge, R. W., Thompson, D. J., Hippelein, H., Giallongo, E., Ragazzoni, R., DiPaola, A., Farinato, J., Smareglia, R., Testa, V., Bechtold, J., Hill, J. M., Garnavich, P. M. and Green, R. F., 2007, ApJL, 668, L43
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Correnti, M., Bellazzini, M. and Ferraro, F. R., 2009, MNRAS, 397, L26
de Jong, J. T. A., Rix, H.-W., Martin, N. F., Zucker, D. B., Dolphin, A. E., Bell, E. F., Belokurov, V. and Evans, N. W., 2008, AJ, 135, 1361
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Deason, A. J., Belokurov, V. and Evans, N. W., 2011a, MNRAS, 411, 1480
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Deason, A. J., McCarthy, I. G., Font, A., Evans, N. W., Frenk, C. S., Belokurov, V., Libeskind, N. I., Crain, R. A. & Theuns, T. 2011b, MNRAS, 415, 2607
Dekel, A. and Silk, J., 1986, ApJ, 303, 39
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dekel, A. and Woo, J., 2003, MNRAS, 344, 1131
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diemand, J., Moore, B. and Stadel, J., 2005, Nature, 433, 389
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dinescu, D. I., Keeney, B. A., Majewski, S. R. and Girard, T. M., 2004, AJ, 128, 687
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fadely, R., Willman, B., Geha, M., Walsh, S. M., Muñoz, R. R., Jerjen, H., Vargas, L. C. & Da Costa, G. S. 2011, AJ, 142, 88
Fellhauer, M., Evans, N. W., Belokurov, V., Zucker, D. B., Yanny, B., Wilkinson, M. I., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J., Bramich, D. M., Vidrih, S., Hewett, P. and Beers, T., 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1171
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Feltzing, S., Eriksson, K., Kleyna, J. and Wilkinson, M. I., 2009, A&A, 508, L1
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Font, A. S., Benson, A. J., Bower, R. G., Frenk, C. F., Cooper, A. P., De Lucia, G., Helly, J. C., Helmi, A., Li, Y.-S., McCarthy, I. G., Navarro, J. F., Springel, V., Starkenburg, E. & Wang, J. 2011, ArXiv:1103.0024
Frebel, A., Kirby, E. N. and Simon, J. D., 2010a, Nature, 464, 72
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frebel, A., Simon, J. D., Geha, M. and Willman, B., 2010b, ApJ, 708, 560
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gallart, C., Freedman, W. L., Aparicio, A., Bertelli, G. and Chiosi, C., 1999, AJ, 118, 2245
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Geha, M., Willman, B., Simon, J. D., Strigari, L. E., Kirby, E. N., Law, D. R. and Strader, J., 2009, ApJ, 692, 1464
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gilmore, G., Wilkinson, M. I., Wyse, R. F. G., Kleyna, J. T., Koch, A., Evans, N. W. and Grebel, E. K., 2007, ApJ, 663, 948
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grcevich, J. and Putman, M. E., 2009, ApJ, 696, 385
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grebel, E. K. 1997, in Reviews in Modern Astronomy, Vol. 10, Reviews in Modern Astronomy, ed. R. E. Schielicke, 29–60
Grebel, E. K. 2000, in ESA Special Publication, Vol. 445, Star Formation from the Small to the Large Scale, ed. F. Favata, A. Kaas, & A. Wilson, 87–+
Grebel, E. K., 2001, Astrophysics and Space Science Supplement, 277, 231
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grebel, E. K., Gallagher, III, J. S. and Harbeck, D., 2003, AJ, 125, 1926
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greco, C., Dall’Ora, M., Clementini, G., Ripepi, V., Di Fabrizio, L., Kinemuchi, K., Marconi, M., Musella, I., Smith, H. A., Rodgers, C. T., Kuehn, C., Beers, T. C., Catelan, M. and Pritzl, B. J., 2008, ApJL, 675, L73
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grillmair, C. J., 2006, ApJL, 645, L37
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
———., 2009, ApJ, 693, 1118
Harbeck, D., Grebel, E. K., Holtzman, J., Guhathakurta, P., Brandner, W., Geisler, D., Sarajedini, A., Dolphin, A., Hurley-Keller, D. and Mateo, M., 2001, AJ, 122, 3092
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hargreaves, J. C., Gilmore, G., Irwin, M. J. and Carter, D., 1994a, MNRAS, 269, 957
1994b, MNRAS, 271, 693
Harrington, R. G. and Wilson, A. G., 1950, PASP, 62, 118
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harris, W. E., 1996, AJ, 112, 1487
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hartwick, F. D. A., 2000, AJ, 119, 2248
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hawkins, E., Maddox, S., Cole, S., Lahav, O., Madgwick, D. S., Norberg, P., Peacock, J. A., Baldry, I. K., Baugh, C. M., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bridges, T., Cannon, R., Colless, M., Collins, C., Couch, W., Dalton, G., De Propris, R., Driver, S. P., Efstathiou, G., Ellis, R. S., Frenk, C. S., Glazebrook, K., Jackson, C., Jones, B., Lewis, I., Lumsden, S., Percival, W., Peterson, B. A., Sutherland, W. and Taylor, K., 2003, MNRAS, 346, 78
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Helmi, A., Irwin, M. J., Tolstoy, E., Battaglia, G., Hill, V., Jablonka, P., Venn, K., Shetrone, M., Letarte, B., Arimoto, N., Abel, T., Francois, P., Kaufer, A., Primas, F., Sadakane, K. and Szeifert, T., 2006, ApJL, 651, L121
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hernandez, X., Gilmore, G. and Valls-Gabaud, D., 2000, MNRAS, 317, 831
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hughes, J., Wallerstein, G. and Bossi, A., 2008, AJ, 136, 2321
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hurley-Keller, D., Mateo, M. and Nemec, J., 1998, AJ, 115, 1840
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ibata, R., Chapman, S., Irwin, M., Lewis, G. and Martin, N., 2006, MNRAS, 373, L70
Ibata, R., Irwin, M., Lewis, G. F. and Stolte, A., 2001, ApJL, 547, L133
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ibata, R. A., Gilmore, G. and Irwin, M. J., 1994, Nature, 370, 194
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Irwin, M. and Hatzidimitriou, D., 1995, MNRAS, 277, 1354
Irwin, M. J., Bunclark, P. S., Bridgeland, M. T. and McMahon, R. G., 1990, MNRAS, 244, 16P
James, P. A. and Ivory, C. F., 2011, MNRAS, 411, 495
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jerjen, H., Da Costa, G. S., Tisserand, P., Arimoto, N., Okamoto, T., Mateo, M., Willman, B., Saviane, I., Walsh, S. M., Geha, M., Jordán, A., Olszewski, E., Walker, M. G., Zoccali, M. & Kroupa, P. 2011, ApJ, submitted
Jurić, M., Ivezić, Ž., Brooks, A., Lupton, R. H., Schlegel, D., Finkbeiner, D., Padmanabhan, N., Bond, N., Sesar, B., Rockosi, C. M., Knapp, G. R., Gunn, J. E., Sumi, T., Schneider, D. P., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H. J., Brinkmann, J., Fukugita, M., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Neilsen, Jr., E. H., Nitta, A., Snedden, S. A. and York, D. G., 2008, ApJ, 673, 864
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keller, S. C., da Costa, G. S. and Prior, S. L., 2009, MNRAS, 394, 1045
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keller, S. C., Schmidt, B. P., Bessell, M. S., Conroy, P. G., Francis, P., Granlund, A., Kowald, E., Oates, A. P., Martin-Jones, T., Preston, T., Tisserand, P., Vaccarella, A. and Waterson, M. F., 2007, PASA, 24, 1
Kirby, E. N., Lanfranchi, G. A., Simon, J. D., Cohen, J. G. and Guhathakurta, P., 2011, ApJ, 727, 78
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kirby, E. N., Simon, J. D., Geha, M., Guhathakurta, P. and Frebel, A., 2008, ApJL, 685, L43
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Klypin, A., Kravtsov, A. V., Valenzuela, O. and Prada, F., 1999, ApJ, 522, 82
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koch, A., McWilliam, A., Grebel, E. K., Zucker, D. B. and Belokurov, V., 2008, ApJL, 688, L13
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koch, A., Wilkinson, M. I., Kleyna, J. T., Gilmore, G. F., Grebel, E. K., Mackey, A. D., Evans, N. W. and Wyse, R. F. G., 2007, ApJ, 657, 241
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koposov, S., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Hewett, P. C., Irwin, M. J., Gilmore, G., Zucker, D. B., Rix, H.-W., Fellhauer, M., Bell, E. F. and Glushkova, E. V., 2008, ApJ, 686, 279
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kroupa, P., Theis, C. and Boily, C. M., 2005, A&A, 431, 517
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kuehn, C., Kinemuchi, K., Ripepi, V., Clementini, G., Dall’Ora, M., Di Fabrizio, L., Rodgers, C. T., Greco, C., Marconi, M., Musella, I., Smith, H. A., Catelan, M., Beers, T. C. and Pritzl, B. J., 2008, ApJL, 674, L81
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kunkel, W. E., 1979, ApJ, 228, 718
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kunkel, W. E., & Demers S. 1976, in Royal Greenwich Observatory Bulletin, Vol. 182, The Galaxy and the Local Group, ed. R. J. Dickens, J. E. Perry, F. G. Smith, & I. R. King, 241–+
Law, D. R., Johnston, K. V. and Majewski, S. R., 2005, ApJ, 619, 807
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Law, D. R. and Majewski, S. R., 2010, ApJ, 714, 229
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li, Y.-S., De Lucia, G. and Helmi, A., 2010, MNRAS, 401, 2036
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lianou, S., Grebel, E. K. and Koch, A., 2010, A&A, 521, A43+
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu, C., Hu, J., Newberg, H. and Zhao, Y., 2008, A&A, 477, 139
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu, L., Gerke, B. F., Wechsler, R. H., Behroozi, P. S. and Busha, M. T., 2011, ApJ, 733, 62
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lynden-Bell, D., 1976, MNRAS, 174, 695
———., 1982, The Observatory, 102, 202
Majewski, S. R., 1994, ApJL, 431, L17
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Majewski, S. R., Skrutskie, M. F., Weinberg, M. D. and Ostheimer, J. C., 2003, ApJ, 599, 1082
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Malin, D., & Hadley B. 1997, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 116, The Nature of Elliptical Galaxies; 2nd Stromlo Symposium, ed. M. Arnaboldi, G. S. Da Costa, & P. Saha, 460–+
Martin, N. F., Coleman, M. G., De Jong, J. T. A., Rix, H.-W., Bell, E. F., Sand, D. J., Hill, J. M., Thompson, D., Burwitz, V., Giallongo, E., Ragazzoni, R., Diolaiti, E., Gasparo, F., Grazian, A., Pedichini, F. and Bechtold, J., 2008a, ApJL, 672, L13
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, N. F., de Jong, J. T. A. and Rix, H., 2008b, ApJ, 684, 1075
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, N. F. and Jin, S., 2010, ApJ, 721, 1333
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, N. F., McConnachie, A. W., Irwin, M., Widrow, L. M., Ferguson, A. M. N., Ibata, R. A., Dubinski, J., Babul, A., Chapman, S., Fardal, M., Lewis, G. F., Navarro, J. and Rich, R. M., 2009, ApJ, 705, 758
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martínez-Delgado, D., Aparicio, A., Gómez-Flechoso, M. Á. and Carrera, R., 2001, ApJL, 549, L199
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martínez-Delgado, D., Pohlen, M., Gabany, R. J., Majewski, S. R., Peñarrubia, J. and Palma, C., 2009, ApJ, 692, 955
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., Pryor, C., Welch, D. L. and Fischer, P., 1993, AJ, 105, 510
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mateo, M. L., 1998, ARAA, 36, 435
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McConnachie, A. W. and Côté, P., 2010, ApJL, 722, L209
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGaugh, S. S. and Wolf, J., 2010, ApJ, 722, 248
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Metz, M., Kroupa, P. and Jerjen, H., 2009, MNRAS, 394, 2223
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Metz, M., Kroupa, P. and Libeskind, N. I., 2008, ApJ, 680, 287
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moore, B., Ghigna, S., Governato, F., Lake, G., Quinn, T., Stadel, J. and Tozzi, P., 1999, ApJL, 524, L19
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Muñoz, R. R., Geha, M. and Willman, B., 2010, AJ, 140, 138
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Muñoz, R. R., Majewski, S. R. and Johnston, K. V., 2008, ApJ, 679, 346
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols, M. & Bland-Hawthorn, J. 2011, ApJ, 732, 17
Niederste-Ostholt, M., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G., Wyse, R. F. G. and Norris, J. E., 2009, MNRAS, 398, 1771
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norris, J. E., Gilmore, G., Wyse, R. F. G., Wilkinson, M. I., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W. and Zucker, D. B., 2008, ApJL, 689, L113
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norris, J. E., Gilmore, G., Wyse, R. F. G., Yong, D. and Frebel, A., 2010a, ApJL, 722, L104
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norris, J. E., Wyse, R. F. G., Gilmore, G., Yong, D., Frebel, A., Wilkinson, M. I., Belokurov, V. and Zucker, D. B., 2010b, ApJ, 723, 1632
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norris, J. E., Yong, D., Gilmore, G. and Wyse, R. F. G., 2010c, ApJ, 711, 350
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Okamoto, T. and Frenk, C. S., 2009, MNRAS, 399, L174
Palma, C., Majewski, S. R. and Johnston, K. V., 2002, ApJ, 564, 736
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peñarrubia, J., Navarro, J. F. and McConnachie, A. W., 2008, ApJ, 673, 226
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Read, J. I., Pontzen, A. P. and Viel, M., 2006, MNRAS, 371, 885
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sakamoto, T. and Hasegawa, T., 2006, ApJL, 653, L29
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shapley, H., 1938, Nature, 142, 715
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simon, J. D. and Geha, M., 2007, ApJ, 670, 313
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simon, J. D., Geha, M., Minor, Q. E., Martinez, G. D., Kirby, E. N., Bullock, J. S., Kaplinghat, M., Strigari, L. E., Willman, B., Choi, P. I., Tollerud, E. J. and Wolf, J., 2011, ApJ, 733, 46
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Jenkins, A., Frenk, C. S., Yoshida, N., Gao, L., Navarro, J., Thacker, R., Croton, D., Helly, J., Peacock, J. A., Cole, S., Thomas, P., Couchman, H., Evrard, A., Colberg, J. and Pearce, F., 2005, Nature, 435, 629
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Starkenburg, E., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., González Hernández, J. I., Irwin, M., Helmi, A., Battaglia, G., Jablonka, P., Tafelmeyer, M., Shetrone, M., Venn, K. and de Boer, T., 2010, A&A, 513, A34+
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tollerud, E. J., Bullock, J. S., Strigari, L. E. and Willman, B., 2008, ApJ, 688, 277
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tolstoy, E., Hill, V. and Tosi, M., 2009, ARAA, 47, 371
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tolstoy, E., Irwin, M. J., Helmi, A., Battaglia, G., Jablonka, P., Hill, V., Venn, K. A., Shetrone, M. D., Letarte, B., Cole, A. A., Primas, F., Francois, P., Arimoto, N., Sadakane, K., Kaufer, A., Szeifert, T. and Abel, T., 2004, ApJL, 617, L119
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vivas, A. K., Jaffé, Y. L., Zinn, R., Winnick, R., Duffau, S. and Mateu, C., 2008, AJ, 136, 1645
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walker, M. G., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., Gnedin, O. Y., Wang, X., Sen, B. and Woodroofe, M., 2007, ApJL, 667, L53
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walker, M. G., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., Peñarrubia, J., Wyn Evans, N. and Gilmore, G., 2009, ApJ, 704, 1274
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walsh, S. M., Jerjen, H. and Willman, B., 2007, ApJL, 662, L83
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walsh, S. M., Willman, B. and Jerjen, H., 2009, AJ, 137, 450
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walsh, S. M., Willman, B., Sand, D., Harris, J., Seth, A., Zaritsky, D. and Jerjen, H., 2008, ApJ, 688, 245
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weisz, D. R., Dalcanton, J. J., Williams, B. F., Gilbert, K. M., Skillman, E. D., Seth, A. C., Dolphin, A. E., McQuinn, K. B. W., Gogarten, S. M., Holtzman, J., Rosema, K., Cole, A., Karachentsev, I. D. & Zaritsky, D. 2011, ApJ, 739, 5
Wilkinson, M. I., Kleyna, J. T., Evans, N. W., Gilmore, G. F., Irwin, M. J. and Grebel, E. K., 2004, ApJL, 611, L21
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams, M. E. K., Steinmetz, M., Sharma, S., Bland-Hawthorn, J., de Jong, R. S., Seabroke, G. M., Helmi, A., Freeman, K. C., Binney, J., Minchev, I., Bienaymé, O., Campbell, R., Fulbright, J. P., Gibson, B. K., Gilmore, G. F., Grebel, E. K., Munari, U., Navarro, J. F., Parker, Q. A., Reid, W., Siebert, A., Siviero, A., Watson, F. G., Wyse, R. F. G. and Zwitter, T., 2011, ApJ, 728, 102
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willman, B. 2003, PhD thesis, University of Washington.
Willman, B., Blanton, M. R., West, A. A., Dalcanton, J. J., Hogg, D. W., Schneider, D. P., Wherry, N., Yanny, B. and Brinkmann, J., 2005a, AJ, 129, 2692
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willman, B., Dalcanton, J., Ivezić, Ž., Jackson, T., Lupton, R., Brinkmann, J., Hennessy, G. and Hindsley, R., 2002, AJ, 123, 848
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willman, B., Dalcanton, J. J., Martinez-Delgado, D., West, A. A., Blanton, M. R., Hogg, D. W., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H. J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Neilsen, Jr., E. H., Nitta, A. and Snedden, S. A., 2005b, ApJL, 626, L85
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willman, B., Geha, M., Strader, J., Strigari, L. E., Simon, J. D., Kirby, E., & Warres, A., 2011, AJ, 142, 128
Wilson, A. G., 1955, PASP, 67, 27
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woo, J., Courteau, S. and Dekel, A., 2008, MNRAS, 390, 1453
York, D. G., Adelman, J., Anderson, Jr., J. E., Anderson, S. F., Annis, J., Bahcall, N. A., Bakken, J. A., Barkhouser, R., Bastian, S., Berman, E., Boroski, W. N., Bracker, S., Briegel, C., Briggs, J. W., Brinkmann, J., Brunner, R., Burles, S., Carey, L., Carr, M. A., Castander, F. J., Chen, B., Colestock, P. L., Connolly, A. J., Crocker, J. H., Csabai, I., Czarapata, P. C., Davis, J. E., Doi, M., Dombeck, T., Eisenstein, D., Ellman, N., Elms, B. R., Evans, M. L., Fan, X., Federwitz, G. R., Fiscelli, L., Friedman, S., Frieman, J. A., Fukugita, M., Gillespie, B., Gunn, J. E., Gurbani, V. K., de Haas, E., Haldeman, M., Harris, F. H., Hayes, J., Heckman, T. M., Hennessy, G. S., Hindsley, R. B., Holm, S., Holmgren, D. J., Huang, C., Hull, C., Husby, D., Ichikawa, S., Ichikawa, T., Ivezić, Ž., Kent, S., Kim, R. S. J., Kinney, E., Klaene, M., Kleinman, A. N., Kleinman, S., Knapp, G. R., Korienek, J., Kron, R. G., Kunszt, P. Z., Lamb, D. Q., Lee, B., Leger, R. F., Limmongkol, S., Lindenmeyer, C., Long, D. C., Loomis, C., Loveday, J., Lucinio, R., Lupton, R. H., MacKinnon, B., Mannery, E. J., Mantsch, P. M., Margon, B., McGehee, P., McKay, T. A., Meiksin, A., Merelli, A., Monet, D. G., Munn, J. A., Narayanan, V. K., Nash, T., Neilsen, E., Neswold, R., Newberg, H. J., Nichol, R. C., Nicinski, T., Nonino, M., Okada, N., Okamura, S., Ostriker, J. P., Owen, R., Pauls, A. G., Peoples, J., Peterson, R. L., Petravick, D., Pier, J. R., Pope, A., Pordes, R., Prosapio, A., Rechenmacher, R., Quinn, T. R., Richards, G. T., Richmond, M. W., Rivetta, C. H., Rockosi, C. M., Ruthmansdorfer, K., Sandford, D., Schlegel, D. J., Schneider, D. P., Sekiguchi, M., Sergey, G., Shimasaku, K., Siegmund, W. A., Smee, S., Smith, J. A., Snedden, S., Stone, R., Stoughton, C., Strauss, M. A., Stubbs, C., SubbaRao, M., Szalay, A. S., Szapudi, I., Szokoly, G. P., Thakar, A. R., Tremonti, C., Tucker, D. L., Uomoto, A., Vanden Berk, D., Vogeley, M. S., Waddell, P., Wang, S., Watanabe, M., Weinberg, D. H., Yanny, B. and Yasuda, N., 2000, AJ, 120, 1579
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zucker, D. B., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Kleyna, J. T., Irwin, M. J., Wilkinson, M. I., Fellhauer, M., Bramich, D. M., Gilmore, G., Newberg, H. J., Yanny, B., Smith, J. A., Hewett, P. C., Bell, E. F., Rix, H., Gnedin, O. Y., Vidrih, S., Wyse, R. F. G., Willman, B., Grebel, E. K., Schneider, D. P., Beers, T. C., Kniazev, A. Y., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H., Brinkmann, J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Nitta, A. and Snedden, S. A., 2006a, ApJL, 650, L41
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zucker, D. B., Belokurov, V., Evans, N. W., Wilkinson, M. I., Irwin, M. J., Sivarani, T., Hodgkin, S., Bramich, D. M., Irwin, J. M., Gilmore, G., Willman, B., Vidrih, S., Fellhauer, M., Hewett, P. C., Beers, T. C., Bell, E. F., Grebel, E. K., Schneider, D. P., Newberg, H. J., Wyse, R. F. G., Rockosi, C. M., Yanny, B., Lupton, R., Smith, J. A., Barentine, J. C., Brewington, H., Brinkmann, J., Harvanek, M., Kleinman, S. J., Krzesinski, J., Long, D., Nitta, A. and Snedden, S. A., 2006b, ApJL, 643, L103
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
