Framework for community-based models for treating hepatitis C virus
Davoud Pourmarzi
A B F , Lisa Hall A B , Andrew Smirnov B , Julie Hepworth C , Tony Rahman D E and Gerard FitzGerald A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia. Email: l.hall3@uq.edu.au; gj.fitzgerald@qut.edu.au
B School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld 4006, Australia. Email: a.smirnov@uq.edu.au
C Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia. Email: j.hepworth@uq.edu.au
D School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia. Email: tony.rahman@health.qld.gov.au
E Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Qld 4032, Australia.
F Corresponding author. Email: D.pourmarzi@qut.edu.au
Australian Health Review 44(3) 459-469 https://doi.org/10.1071/AH18220
Submitted: 19 October 2018 Accepted: 1 May 2019 Published: 1 November 2019
Abstract
Objective Although community-based models for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) are widely recognised for reaching more people who require treatment, little is known about their organisational and operational elements. This study aimed to address this gap and develop a framework for designing, implementing and evaluating community-based models for treating HCV.
Methods This study was a systematic review in which 17 databases were searched for published and unpublished studies. The final search of databases was performed in September 2017. A qualitative inductive thematic approach was used to extract and categorise organisational and operational elements of community-based models for treating HCV.
Results Data analysis yielded 13 organisational and operational elements that were categorised into three domains: support for patients, support for healthcare providers and service delivery facilitation. In the support for patients domain, support was categorised into four elements: peer support, psychological assessment and support, social assessment and support and adherence support. In the support for healthcare providers domain, the elements included the provision of educational opportunities for HCV care providers, specialist mentoring, decision making support and rewarding and recognition for HCV care providers. Finally, the service delivery facilitation domain included seven elements that target service-level enablers for community-based HCV treatment, including essential infrastructure, policy implementation and collocation and collaboration with other related services.
Conclusion This framework for understanding the components of models of community-based HCV treatment may be used as a guide for designing, implementing and evaluating models of care in support of HCV elimination. HCV care providers and patients need to be supported to improve their engagement with the provision of community-based treatment. In addition, evidence-based strategies to facilitate service delivery need to be included.
What is known about the topic? Community-based models for treating HCV are widely recognised as having the advantage of reaching more people who require treatment. These types of models aim to remove barriers related to accessibility and acceptability associated with tertiary centre-based HCV treatment.
What does this paper add? Community-based models for treating HCV use various organisational and operational elements to improve the accessibility, effectiveness and acceptability of these services. The elements we identified target three main domains: support for patients with HCV, support for HCV care providers and service delivery facilitation. The importance of these organisational and operational elements designed to improve health and health services outcomes of community-based models for treating HCV is strongly influenced by context, and dependent on both the setting and target population.
What are the implications for practitioners? Health policy makers and practitioners need to consider a patient’s psychosocial and economic status and provide support when needed. To successfully deliver HCV treatment in community settings, HCV care providers need to be trained and supported, and need to establish linkages, collaborations or colocations with other related services.
Additional keywords: primary care, treatment.
References
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the care and treatment of persons diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Geneva: WHO; 2018.[2] World Health Organization (WHO). Global hepatitis report 2017. Geneva: WHO; 2017.
[3] Australian Government Department of Health. Fourth national hepatitis C strategy 2014–2017. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2014.
[4] Butt G, Paterson BL, McGuinness LK. Living with the stigma of hepatitis C. West J Nurs Res 2008; 30 204–21.
| Living with the stigma of hepatitis C.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17630381PubMed |
[5] Marinho RT, Barreira DP. Hepatitis C, stigma and cure. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19 6703–9.
| Hepatitis C, stigma and cure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24187444PubMed |
[6] Milne R, Price M, Wallace B, Drost A, Haigh-Gidora I, Nezil FA, Fraser C. From principles to practice: Description of a novel equity-based HCV primary care treatment model for PWID. Int J Drug Policy 2015; 26 1020–7.
| From principles to practice: Description of a novel equity-based HCV primary care treatment model for PWID.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26277611PubMed |
[7] Tindal C, Cook K, Foster N. Theorising stigma and the experiences of injecting drug users in Australia. Aust J Prim Health 2010; 16 119–25.
| Theorising stigma and the experiences of injecting drug users in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21128572PubMed |
[8] Treloar C, Jackson LC, Gray R, Newland J, Wilson H, Saunders V, Johnson P, Brener L. Multiple stigmas, shame and historical trauma compound the experience of Aboriginal Australians living with hepatitis C. Health Sociol Rev 2016; 25 18–32.
[9] Madden A, Hopwood M, Neale J, Treloar C. Beyond interferon side effects: what residual barriers exist to DAA hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs? PLoS One 2018; 13 e0207226
| Beyond interferon side effects: what residual barriers exist to DAA hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30500863PubMed |
[10] Brener L, von Hippel W, Kippax S. Prejudice among healthcare workers toward injecting drug users with hepatitis C: does greater contact lead to less prejudice? Int J Drug Policy 2007; 18 381–7.
| Prejudice among healthcare workers toward injecting drug users with hepatitis C: does greater contact lead to less prejudice?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17854726PubMed |
[11] Harris M, Rhodes T. Hepatitis C treatment access and uptake for people who inject drugs: a review mapping the role of social factors. Harm Reduct J 2013; 10 7
| Hepatitis C treatment access and uptake for people who inject drugs: a review mapping the role of social factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23651646PubMed |
[12] Evon DM, Simpson KM, Esserman D, Verma A, Smith S, Fried MW. Barriers to accessing care in patients with chronic hepatitis C: the impact of depression. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32 1163–73.
| Barriers to accessing care in patients with chronic hepatitis C: the impact of depression.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21039678PubMed |
[13] McGowan CE, Fried MW. Barriers to hepatitis C treatment. Liver Int 2012; 32 151–6.
| Barriers to hepatitis C treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22212587PubMed |
[14] McGowan CE, Monis A, Bacon BR, Mallolas J, Goncales FL, Goulis I, Poordad F, Afdhal N, Zeuzem S, Piratvisuth T, Marcellin P, Fried MW. A global view of hepatitis C: physician knowledge, opinions, and perceived barriers to care. Hepatology 2013; 57 1325–32.
| A global view of hepatitis C: physician knowledge, opinions, and perceived barriers to care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23315914PubMed |
[15] Wade A, Draper B, Doyle J, Allard N, Grinzi P, Thompson A, Hellard M. A survey of hepatitis C management by Victorian GPs after PBS-listing of direct-acting antiviral therapy. Aust Fam Physician 2017; 46 235–40.
| 28376580PubMed |
[16] Sølund C, Hallager S, Pedersen MS, Fahnøe U, Ernst A, Krarup HB, Røge BT, Christensen PB, Laursen AL, Gerstoft J, Bélard E, Madsen LG, Schønning K, Pedersen AG, Bukh J, Weis N. Direct acting antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Denmark: factors associated with and barriers to treatment initiation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53 849–56.
| Direct acting antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Denmark: factors associated with and barriers to treatment initiation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29720023PubMed |
[17] Scarborough J, Miller ER, Aylward P, Eliott J. ‘Sussing that doctor out.’ Experiences and perspectives of people affected by hepatitis C regarding engagement with private general practitioners in South Australia: a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract 2017; 18 97
| 29187145PubMed |
[18] Hopwood M, Treloar C. Under the watchful eye of ‘a benevolent dictator’ – general practitioner and patient experiences of hepatitis C treatment initiation and shared-care in general practice. Aust Fam Physician 2013; 42 900–3.
| 24324996PubMed |
[19] Harris M, Rhodes T, Martin A. Taming systems to create enabling environments for HCV treatment: negotiating trust in the drug and alcohol setting. Soc Sci Med 2013; 83 19–26.
| 23465200PubMed |
[20] Rance J, Treloar C. ‘Not just methadone Tracy’: transformations in service-user identity following the introduction of hepatitis C treatment into Australian opiate substitution settings. Addiction 2014; 109 452–9.
| ‘Not just methadone Tracy’: transformations in service-user identity following the introduction of hepatitis C treatment into Australian opiate substitution settings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24678545PubMed |
[21] Norman J, Walsh NM, Mugavin J, Stoove MA, Kelsall J, Austin K, Lintzeris N. The acceptability and feasibility of peer worker support role in community based HCV treatment for injecting drug users. Harm Reduct J 2008; 5 8
| The acceptability and feasibility of peer worker support role in community based HCV treatment for injecting drug users.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18298862PubMed |
[22] World Health Organization (WHO). Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021. Towards ending viral hepatitis. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
[23] World Health Organization (WHO). Combating hepatitis B and C to reach elimination by 2030: advocacy brief. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
[24] Wade AJ, Veronese V, Hellard ME, Doyle JS. A systematic review of community based hepatitis C treatment. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16 202
| 27184661PubMed |
[25] Burki T. Elimination on the agenda for hepatitis C. Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14 452–3.
| Elimination on the agenda for hepatitis C.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24971446PubMed |
[26] Pourmarzi D, Hall L, Rahman T, Lim D, FitzGerald G. Clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of community-based management of chronic hepatitis C: a mixed methods systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep 2017; 15 914–31.
| Clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of community-based management of chronic hepatitis C: a mixed methods systematic review protocol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28398978PubMed |
[27] Pourmarzi D, Hall L, Hepworth J, Smirnov A, Rahman T, FitzGerald G. Clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness and acceptability of community-based treatment of hepatitis C virus infection: a mixed method systematic review. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26 432–53.
| 30516874PubMed |
[28] Chou R, Carson S, Chan BKS, Care B. Drug class review: pegylated interferons for chronic hepatitis C infection: final report. In: Drug class reviews. Portland, OR, USA: Oregon Health & Science University; 2007. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10662/ [verified 24 July 2019].
[29] Hampton H, Farrington E, Ellergy A, McKenna M, Stableforth W, Hussaini H. Community hepatitis C treatment in Cornwall: a model to improve care. Gastrointest Nurs 2015; 13 17–21.
[30] Sylvestre DL, Litwin AH, Clements BJ, Gourevitch MN. The impact of barriers to hepatitis C virus treatment in recovering heroin users maintained on methadone. J Subst Abuse Treat 2005; 29 159–65.
| The impact of barriers to hepatitis C virus treatment in recovering heroin users maintained on methadone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16183464PubMed |
[31] Wade AJ, Macdonald DM, Doyle JS, Gordon A, Roberts SK, Thompson AJ, Hellard ME. The cascade of care for an Australian community-based hepatitis C treatment service. PLoS One 2015; 10 e0142770
| The cascade of care for an Australian community-based hepatitis C treatment service.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26562516PubMed |
[32] Calvert JF, Goldenberg PC, Schock C. Chronic hepatitis C infection in a rural Medicaid HMO. J Rural Health 2005; 21 74–8.
| 15667013PubMed |
[33] Capileno YA, Van den Bergh R, Donchuk D, Hinderaker SG, Hamid S, Auat R, Khalid GG, Fatima R, Yaqoob A, Van Overloop C. Management of chronic hepatitis C at a primary health clinic in the high-burden context of Karachi, Pakistan. PLoS One 2017; 12 e0175562
| Management of chronic hepatitis C at a primary health clinic in the high-burden context of Karachi, Pakistan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28640872PubMed |
[34] Grebely J, Genoway K, Khara M, Duncan F, Viljoen M, Elliott D, Raffa JD, DeVlaming S, Conway B. Treatment uptake and outcomes among current and former injection drug users receiving directly observed therapy within a multidisciplinary group model for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Int J Drug Policy 2007; 18 437–43.
| Treatment uptake and outcomes among current and former injection drug users receiving directly observed therapy within a multidisciplinary group model for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17854734PubMed |
[35] Grebely J, Raffa JD, Meagher C, Duncan F, Genoway KA, Khara M, McLean M, Mead A, Viljoen M, DeVlaming S, Fraser C, Conway B. Directly observed therapy for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in current and former injection drug users. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22 1519–25.
| Directly observed therapy for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in current and former injection drug users.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17645460PubMed |
[36] Hill WD, Butt G, Alvarez M, Krajden M. Capacity enhancement of hepatitis C virus treatment through integrated, community-based care. Can J Gastroenterol 2008; 22 27–32.
| 18209777PubMed |
[37] Ho CJ, Preston C, Fredericks K, Doorley SL, Kramer RJ, Kwan L, Kamal A. A unique model for treating chronic hepatitis C in patients with psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and/or housing instability. J Addict Med 2013; 7 320–4.
| A unique model for treating chronic hepatitis C in patients with psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and/or housing instability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23896750PubMed |
[38] Jack K, Barnett J, Holiday A, Heard G, Thomson B. Hepatitis C therapy at home: a hospital and home care partnership. Br J Nurs 2013; 22 518–23.
| Hepatitis C therapy at home: a hospital and home care partnership.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23752623PubMed |
[39] Jack K, Willott S, Manners J, Varnam MA, Thomson BJ. Clinical trial: a primary-care-based model for the delivery of anti-viral treatment to injecting drug users infected with hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29 38–45.
| Clinical trial: a primary-care-based model for the delivery of anti-viral treatment to injecting drug users infected with hepatitis C.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18945252PubMed |
[40] Lewis H, Kunkel J, Axten D, Dalton J, Gardner H, Tippett A, Wynne S, Wilkinson M, Foster GR. Community nurse-led initiation of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C in people who inject drugs does not increase uptake of or adherence to treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28 1258–63.
| Community nurse-led initiation of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C in people who inject drugs does not increase uptake of or adherence to treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[41] Mason K, Dodd Z, Guyton M, Tookey P, Lettner B, Matelski J, Sockalingam S, Altenberg J, Powis J. Understanding real-world adherence in the directly acting antiviral era: A prospective evaluation of adherence among people with a history of drug use at a community-based program in Toronto, Canada. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 47 202–8.
| 28619394PubMed |
[42] Moussalli J, Delaquaize H, Boubilley D, Lhomme JP, Merleau Ponty J, Sabot D, Kerever A, Valleur M, Poynard T. Factors to improve the management of hepatitis C in drug users: An observational study in an addiction centre. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2010; 2010 261472
| Factors to improve the management of hepatitis C in drug users: An observational study in an addiction centre.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20811482PubMed |
[43] Nazareth S, Kontorinis N, Muwanwella N, Hamilton A, Leembruggen N, Cheng WSC. Successful treatment of patients with hepatitis C in rural and remote Western Australia via telehealth. J Telemed Telecare 2013; 19 101–6.
| Successful treatment of patients with hepatitis C in rural and remote Western Australia via telehealth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23528788PubMed |
[44] Newman AI, Beckstead S, Beking D, Finch S, Knorr T, Lynch C, MacKenzie M, Mayer D, Melles B, Shore R. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection among current and former injection drug users within a multidisciplinary treatment model at a community health centre. Can J Gastroenterol 2013; 27 217–23.
| 23616960PubMed |
[45] Norton BL, Fleming J, Bachhuber MA, Steinman M, DeLuca J, Cunningham CO, Johnson N, Laraque F, Litwin AH. High HCV cure rates for people who use drugs treated with direct acting antiviral therapy at an urban primary care clinic. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 47 196–201.
| High HCV cure rates for people who use drugs treated with direct acting antiviral therapy at an urban primary care clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28811158PubMed |
[46] Stringari-Murray S, Clayton A, Chang J. A model for integrating hepatitis C services into an HIV/AIDS program. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2003; 14 95S–107S.
| A model for integrating hepatitis C services into an HIV/AIDS program.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14571564PubMed |
[47] Sylvestre DL. Approaching treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in substance users. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41 S79–82.
| Approaching treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in substance users.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16265620PubMed |
[48] Sylvestre DL, Clements BJ. Adherence to hepatitis C treatment in recovering heroin users maintained on methadone. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 19 741–7.
| Adherence to hepatitis C treatment in recovering heroin users maintained on methadone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17700258PubMed |
[49] Wilkinson M, Crawford V, Tippet A, Jolly F, Turton J, Sims E, Hekker M, Dalton J, Marley R, Foster GR. Community-based treatment for chronic hepatitis C in drug users: high rates of compliance with therapy despite ongoing drug use. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29 29–37.
| Community-based treatment for chronic hepatitis C in drug users: high rates of compliance with therapy despite ongoing drug use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18752631PubMed |
[50] Alavi M, Grebely J, Micallef M, Dunlop AJ, Balcomb AC, Day CA, Treloar C, Bath N, Haber PS, Dore GJ. Assessment and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs in the opioid substitution setting: ETHOS study. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57 S62–9.
| Assessment and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs in the opioid substitution setting: ETHOS study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23884068PubMed |
[51] Baker D, Alavi M, Erratt A, Hill S, Balcomb A, Hallinan R, Siriragavan S, Richmond D, Smart J, Keats J, Doong N, Marks P, Grebely J, Dore GJ. Delivery of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in the primary care setting. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26 1003–9.
| Delivery of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in the primary care setting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25051216PubMed |
[52] Brunner N, Senn O, Rosemann T, Falcato L, Bruggmann P. Hepatitis C treatment for multimorbid patients with substance use disorder in a primary care-based integrated treatment centre: a retrospective analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25 1300–7.
| Hepatitis C treatment for multimorbid patients with substance use disorder in a primary care-based integrated treatment centre: a retrospective analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23571610PubMed |
[53] Charlebois A, Lee L, Cooper E, Mason K, Powis J. Factors associated with HCV antiviral treatment uptake among participants of a community-based HCV programme for marginalized patients. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19 836–42.
| Factors associated with HCV antiviral treatment uptake among participants of a community-based HCV programme for marginalized patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23121361PubMed |
[54] Grebely J, Alavi M, Micallef M, Dunlop AJ, Balcomb AC, Phung N, Weltman MD, Day CA, Treloar C, Bath N, Haber PS, Dore GJ. Treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs attending opioid substitution treatment and community health clinics: the ETHOS Study. Addiction 2016; 111 311–19.
| Treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs attending opioid substitution treatment and community health clinics: the ETHOS Study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26451534PubMed |
[55] Grebely J, Knight E, Genoway KA, Viljoen M, Khara M, Elliott D, Gallagher L, Storms M, Raffa JD, DeVlaming S, Duncan F, Conway B. Optimizing assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in illicit drug users: a novel model incorporating multidisciplinary care and peer support. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22 270–7.
| Optimizing assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in illicit drug users: a novel model incorporating multidisciplinary care and peer support.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20425880PubMed |
[56] Jeffrey GP, MacQuillan G, Chua F, Galhenage S, Bull J, Young E, Hulse G, O’Neil G. Hepatitis C virus eradication in intravenous drug users maintained with subcutaneous naltrexone implants. Hepatology 2007; 45 111–7.
| Hepatitis C virus eradication in intravenous drug users maintained with subcutaneous naltrexone implants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17187435PubMed |
[57] John-Baptiste A, Varenbut M, Lingley M, Nedd-Roderique T, Teplin D, Tomlinson G, Daiter J, Krahn M. Treatment of hepatitis C infection for current or former substance abusers in a community setting. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16 557–67.
| Treatment of hepatitis C infection for current or former substance abusers in a community setting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19243498PubMed |
[58] Kattakuzhy S, Gross C, Emmanuel B, Teferi G, Jenkins V, Silk R, Akoth E, Thomas A, Ahmed C, Espinosa M, Price A, Rosenthal E, Tang L, Wilson E, Bentzen S, Masur H, Kottilil S. Expansion of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection by task shifting to community-based nonspecialist providers a nonrandomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167 311–18.
| Expansion of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection by task shifting to community-based nonspecialist providers a nonrandomized clinical trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28785771PubMed |
[59] Keats J, Micallef M, Grebely J, Hazelwood S, Everingham H, Shrestha N, Jones T, Bath N, Treloar C, Dore GJ, Dunlop A. Assessment and delivery of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in an opioid substitution treatment clinic with integrated peer-based support in Newcastle, Australia. Int J Drug Policy 2015; 26 999–1006.
| Assessment and delivery of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in an opioid substitution treatment clinic with integrated peer-based support in Newcastle, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26275578PubMed |
[60] Lindenburg CEA, Lambers FAE, Urbanus AT, Schinkel J, Jansen PLM, Krol A, Casteelen G, van Santen G, van den Berg CH, Coutinho RA, Prins M, Weegink CJ. Hepatitis C testing and treatment among active drug users in Amsterdam: results from the DUTCH-C project. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23 23–31.
| Hepatitis C testing and treatment among active drug users in Amsterdam: results from the DUTCH-C project.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[61] Litwin AH, Soloway IJ, Cockerham-Colas L, Reynoso S, Heo M, Tenore C, Roose RJ. Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with triple therapy in an opioid agonist treatment program. Int J Drug Policy 2015; 26 1014–19.
| Successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C with triple therapy in an opioid agonist treatment program.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26341685PubMed |
[62] Mason K, Dodd Z, Sockalingam S, Altenberg J, Meaney C, Millson P, Powis J. Beyond viral response: a prospective evaluation of a community-based, multi-disciplinary, peer-driven model of HCV treatment and support. Int J Drug Policy 2015; 26 1007–13.
| Beyond viral response: a prospective evaluation of a community-based, multi-disciplinary, peer-driven model of HCV treatment and support.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26005037PubMed |
[63] Morris L, Smirnov A, Kvassay A, Leslie E, Kavanagh R, Alexander N, Davey G, Williams O, Gilks C, Najman J. Initial outcomes of integrated community-based hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs: findings from the Queensland Injectors’ Health Network. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 47 216–20.
| Initial outcomes of integrated community-based hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs: findings from the Queensland Injectors’ Health Network.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28666635PubMed |
[64] Read P, Lothian R, Chronister K, Gilliver R, Kearley J, Dore GJ, van Beek I. Delivering direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C to highly marginalised and current drug injecting populations in a targeted primary healthcare setting. Int J Drug Policy 2017; 47 209–15.
| Delivering direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C to highly marginalised and current drug injecting populations in a targeted primary healthcare setting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28587943PubMed |
[65] Seidenberg A, Rosemann T, Senn O. Patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment in primary care: successful chronic hepatitis C care in a real world setting. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13 9
| Patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment in primary care: successful chronic hepatitis C care in a real world setting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23298178PubMed |
[66] Wilkie BJ. Identifying and managing hepatitis C in the community. Prim Health Care 2013; 23 22–5.
| Identifying and managing hepatitis C in the community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[67] Moriarty H, Kemp R, Robinson G. Hepatitis services at an injecting drug user outreach clinic. N Z Med J 2001; 114 105–6.
| 11346154PubMed |
[68] Clanon KA, Johannes Mueller J, Harank M. Integrating treatment for hepatitis C virus infection into an HIV clinic. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40 S362–6.
| Integrating treatment for hepatitis C virus infection into an HIV clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15768349PubMed |
[69] Arora S, Thornton K, Murata G, Deming P, Kalishman S, Dion D, Parish B, Burke T, Pak W, Dunkelberg J, Kistin M, Brown J, Jenkusky S, Komaromy M, Qualls C. Outcomes of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection by primary care providers. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 2199–207.
| Outcomes of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection by primary care providers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21631316PubMed |
[70] Beste LA, Glorioso TJ, Ho PM, Au DH, Kirsh SR, Todd-Stenberg J, Chang MF, Dominitz JA, Barón AE, Ross D. Telemedicine specialty support promotes hepatitis C treatment by primary care providers in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Am J Med 2017; 130 432–438.e3.
| Telemedicine specialty support promotes hepatitis C treatment by primary care providers in the Department of Veterans Affairs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27998682PubMed |
[71] Rossaro L, Torruellas C, Dhaliwal S, Botros J, Clark G, Li CS, Minoletti MM. Clinical outcomes of hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin via telemedicine consultation in northern California. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58 3620–5.
| Clinical outcomes of hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin via telemedicine consultation in northern California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24154637PubMed |
[72] Bruce RD, Eiserman J, Acosta A, Gote C, Lim JK, Altice FL. Developing a modified directly observed therapy intervention for hepatitis C treatment in a methadone maintenance program: implications for program replication. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2012; 38 206–12.
| Developing a modified directly observed therapy intervention for hepatitis C treatment in a methadone maintenance program: implications for program replication.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22242700PubMed |
[73] Batchelder AW, Peyser D, Nahvi S, Arnsten JH, Litwin AH. ‘Hepatitis C treatment turned me around:’ Psychological and behavioral transformation related to hepatitis C treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153 66–71.
| ‘Hepatitis C treatment turned me around:’ Psychological and behavioral transformation related to hepatitis C treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26096534PubMed |
[74] Treloar C, Rance J, Grebely J, Dore GJ. Client and staff experiences of a co-located service for hepatitis C care in opioid substitution treatment settings in New South Wales, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133 529–34.
| Client and staff experiences of a co-located service for hepatitis C care in opioid substitution treatment settings in New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23932843PubMed |
[75] Sockalingam S, Blank D, Banga CA, Mason K, Dodd Z, Powis J. A novel program for treating patients with trimorbidity: hepatitis C, serious mental illness, and active substance use. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25 1377–84.
| A novel program for treating patients with trimorbidity: hepatitis C, serious mental illness, and active substance use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23680911PubMed |
[76] World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with hepatitis C infection. Geneva: WHO; 2016.
[77] Pedrana AE, Sacks-Davis R, Doyle JS, Hellard ME. Pathways to the elimination of hepatitis C: prioritising access for all. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10 1023–6.
| Pathways to the elimination of hepatitis C: prioritising access for all.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28942660PubMed |
[78] Woolhouse S, Cooper E, Pickard A. ‘It gives me a sense of belonging’: providing integrated healthcare and treatment to people with HCV engaged in a psycho-educational support group. Int J Drug Policy 2013; 24 550–7.
| ‘It gives me a sense of belonging’: providing integrated healthcare and treatment to people with HCV engaged in a psycho-educational support group.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23860471PubMed |
[79] Cormier M. The role of hepatitis C support groups. Gastroenterol Nurs 2005; 28 S4–9.
| 15976560PubMed |
[80] Rifai MA, Gleason OC, Sabouni D. Psychiatric care of the patient with hepatitis C: a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 12 e1–e13.
[81] Sackey B, Shults JG, Moore TA, Rogers R, Mehvar M, King JG. Evaluating psychiatric outcomes associated with direct-acting antiviral treatment in veterans with hepatitis C infection. Ment Health Clin 2018; 8 116–21.
| 29955556PubMed |
[82] Yek C, de la Flor C, Marshall J, Zoellner C, Thompson G, Quirk L, Mayorga C, Turner BJ, Singal AG, Jain MK. Effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C in difficult-to-treat patients in a safety-net health system: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Med 2017; 15 204
| Effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C in difficult-to-treat patients in a safety-net health system: a retrospective cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29151365PubMed |
[83] Robaeys G, Grebely J, Mauss S, Bruggmann P, Moussalli J, De Gottardi A, Swan T, Arain A, Kautz A, Stöver H, Wedemeyer H, Schaefer M, Taylor L, Backmund M, Dalgard O, Prins M, Dore GJ. Recommendations for the management of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57 S129–37.
| 23884061PubMed |
[84] Abdelhakam SA, Othman MA. Social, cultural, and political factors influencing HCV in developing countries. In: Kamal SM, editor. Hepatitis C in developing countries. Cambridge, MA, USA: Academic Press; 2018. pp. 33–8.
[85] Janke EA, McGraw S, Garcia-Tsao G, Fraenkel L. Psychosocial issues in hepatitis C: a qualitative analysis. Psychosomatics 2008; 49 494–501.
| Psychosocial issues in hepatitis C: a qualitative analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19122126PubMed |
[86] Lambert SM, Page AN, Wittmann J, Hayllar JS, Ferndale CW, Bain TM, Macdonald GA. General practitioner attitudes to prescribing hepatitis C antiviral therapy in a community setting. Aust J Prim Health 2011; 17 282–7.
| General practitioner attitudes to prescribing hepatitis C antiviral therapy in a community setting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21896265PubMed |
[87] Couri T, Gupta T, Weyer G, Aronsohn A. Pay it forward: building capacity to treat hepatitis C by training our own residents. Hepatology 2018; 68 2004–7.
| Pay it forward: building capacity to treat hepatitis C by training our own residents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29790191PubMed |
[88] Arora S, Thornton K, Jenkusky SM, Parish B, Scaletti JV. Project ECHO: linking university specialists with rural and prison-based clinicians to improve care for people with chronic hepatitis C in New Mexico. Public Health Reports 2007; 12 74–7.
[89] Facente SN, Burk K, Eagen K, Mara ES, Smith AA, Lynch CS. New treatments have changed the game: hepatitis C treatment in primary care. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2018; 32 313–22.
| New treatments have changed the game: hepatitis C treatment in primary care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29778258PubMed |
[90] McGowan CE, Fried MW. Barriers to hepatitis C treatment. Liver Int 2012; 32 151–6.
| 22212587PubMed |
[91] Chen HJ, Huang N, Chen LS, Chou YJ, Li CP, Wu CY, Chang YC. Does pay-for-performance program increase providers adherence to guidelines for managing hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection in Taiwan? PLoS One 2016; 11 e0161002
| Does pay-for-performance program increase providers adherence to guidelines for managing hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection in Taiwan?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27517172PubMed |
[92] Grebely J, Oser M, Taylor LE, Dore GJ. Breaking down the barriers to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment among individuals with HCV/HIV coinfection: action required at the system, provider, and patient levels. J Infect Dis 2013; 207 S19–25.
| Breaking down the barriers to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment among individuals with HCV/HIV coinfection: action required at the system, provider, and patient levels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23390301PubMed |
[93] Thurnheer MC, Schulz TR, Nguyen T, MacLachlan J, Sasadeusz J. Regional challenges: evaluation of a hepatitis outreach programme using transient elastography (FibroScan) in Victoria. Intern Med J 2016; 46 273–81.
| Regional challenges: evaluation of a hepatitis outreach programme using transient elastography (FibroScan) in Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26602052PubMed |
[94] Sylvestre DL, Loftis JM, Hauser P, Genser S, Cesari H, Borek N, Kresina TF, Seeff L, Francis H. Co-occurring hepatitis C, substance use, and psychiatric illness: treatment issues and developing integrated models of care. J Urban Health 2004; 81 719–34.
| Co-occurring hepatitis C, substance use, and psychiatric illness: treatment issues and developing integrated models of care.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15466851PubMed |
[95] Hajarizadeh B, Cunningham EB, Reid H, Law M, Dore GJ, Grebely J. Direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C among people who use or inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3 754–67.
| Direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C among people who use or inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30245064PubMed |
