Geographic variation in seedling morphology of Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia (Casuarinaceae)
Pan Hu A , Chonglu Zhong A C , Yong Zhang A , Qingbin Jiang A , Yu Chen A , Zhen Chen A , Khongsak Pinyopusarerk B and David Bush B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
B CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre, Black Mountain Laboratories, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: zclritf@126.com
Australian Journal of Botany 64(2) 160-170 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT15049
Submitted: 25 February 2015 Accepted: 25 February 2016 Published: 1 April 2016
Abstract
Seeds collected from 28 natural provenances and introduced populations of Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia L. from Oceania, Asia and Africa were used to study geographic variation in growth and morphology of nursery-grown seedlings. Ten characteristics related to growth and branching habit were measured for each seedling and the resultant data subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses. In general, seedlings from Oceania grew more slowly, were more densely branched with fine and upright branching, and had fewer teeth per whorl than those from other areas. Cluster analysis effectively separated Oceania from Asian natural provenances, and revealed the probable original sources of introductions to different parts of Asia and Africa. Further investigation into the pattern of variation through molecular characterisation of genetic material from all major regions of distribution is warranted in order to better understand the genetic relationships and enhance more efficient utilisation of this important casuarina species.
Additional keywords: geographic variation, multivariate analysis, seedling morphology.
References
Bleakley S, Matheson C (1992) Patterns of morphological variation in seedlings of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Commonwealth Forestry Review 71, 101–109.CABI (2013) Casuarina equisetifolia. Available at: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/16718 [Verified 11 March 2016].
Cuni Sanchez A, De Smedt S, Hag N, Samson R (2011) Variation in baobab seedling morphology and its implications for selecting superior planting material. Scientia Horticulturae 130, 109–117.
| Variation in baobab seedling morphology and its implications for selecting superior planting material.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doran JC, Turnbull JW (Eds) (1997) ‘Australian trees and shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm planting in the tropics. ACIAR Monograph No. 24.’ ACIAR Monograph No. 24.’ (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra)
Harding S, Payne R (2013) ‘A guide to multivariate analysis in Genstat.’ (16th edn) (VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK)
Hwang R, Conran J (2000) Seedling characteristics in the Casuarinaceae. Telopea 8, 429–439.
| Seedling characteristics in the Casuarinaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kalinganire A, Pinyopusarerk K, Williams E (2002) Geographic variation in seedling morphology of Chukrasia species. Australian Journal of Botany 50, 319–330.
| Geographic variation in seedling morphology of Chukrasia species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kamalakannan R, Barthwal S, Chezhian P, Balasaravanan T (2006) Morphological and molecular diversity among Casuarina and Allocasuarina species. Biotechnology 5, 301–307.
| Morphological and molecular diversity among Casuarina and Allocasuarina species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFSju7fI&md5=6a9704d4e24546a73cafb6544f1b9035CAS |
Kondas S (1983) Casuarina equisetifolia – a multipurpose tree cash crop in India. In ‘Proceedings of the first international casuarina workshop’. (Eds SJ Midgley, JW Turnbull, RD Johnston) pp. 66–76. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Ladiges PY, Gray AM, Brooker MIH (1981) Pattern of geographic variation, based on seedling morphology, in Eucalyptus ovata Labill. and E. brookeriana A.M. Gray and comparisons with some other Eucalyptus species. Australian Journal of Botany 29, 593–603.
| Pattern of geographic variation, based on seedling morphology, in Eucalyptus ovata Labill. and E. brookeriana A.M. Gray and comparisons with some other Eucalyptus species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ladiges PY, Udovicic F, Nelson G (2003) Australian biogeographical connections and the phylogeny of large genera in the plant family Myrtaceae. Journal of Biogeography 30, 989–998.
| Australian biogeographical connections and the phylogeny of large genera in the plant family Myrtaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Momen B, Anderson PD, Sullivan JH, Helms JA (2004) A multivariate statistical approach to predicting mature tree performance based on seedling characteristics. New Forests 27, 303–313.
| A multivariate statistical approach to predicting mature tree performance based on seedling characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nghia HN, Pham QT, Pinyopusarerk K (2011) Research and development of Casuarina equisetifolia in Vietnam. In ‘Improving smallholder livelihoods through improved casuarina productivity. Proceedings of the fourth international casuarina workshop’. (Eds CL Zhong, K Pinyopusarerk, A Kalinganire, C Franche) pp. 17–22. (China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing)
Pinyopusarerk K, House APN (1993) ‘Casuarina: an annotated bibliography of C. equisetifolia, C. junghuhniana and C. oligodon.’ (International Centre for Research in Agroforestry: Nairobi)
Pinyopusarerk K, Williams ER (2000) Range-wide provenance variation in growth and morphological characteristics of Casuarina equisetifolia grown in Northern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 134, 219–232.
| Range-wide provenance variation in growth and morphological characteristics of Casuarina equisetifolia grown in Northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pinyopusarerk K, Williams ER, Boland DJ (1991) Geographic variaiton in seedling morphology of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Australian Journal of Botany 39, 247–260.
| Geographic variaiton in seedling morphology of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pinyopusarerk K, Gunn BV, Williams ER, Pryor LD (1993) Comparative geographic variation in seedling morphology of three closely related red mahoganies, Eucalyptus urophylla, E. pellita and E. scias. Australian Journal of Botany 41, 23–34.
Pinyopusarerk K, Turnbull JW, Midgley SJ (1996) Recent casuarina research and development. In ‘Proceedings of the third international casuarina workshop’. (CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products: Canberra)
Pinyopusarerk K, Kalinganire A, Williams ER, Aken K (2004) ‘Evaluation of international provenance trials of Casuarina equisetifolia.’ (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra)
Rawat GS, Krishna Kumar N, Nicodemus A (2011) Research and development of casurainas in India. In ‘Improving smallholder livelihoods through improved casuarina productivity. Proceedings of the fourth international casuarina workshop’. (Eds CL Zhong, K Pinyopusarerk, A Kalinganire, C Franche) pp. 11–16. (China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing)
Sevik H (2012) Variation in seedling morphology of Turkish fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf). African Journal of Biotechnology 11, 6389–6395.
Shelbourne CJA (1972) Genotype–environment interaction: its study and its implications in forest tree improvement. In ‘Proceedings of the joint symposia for the advancement of forest tree breeding of Genetics Subject Group, International Union of Forest Research Organizations and Section 5, Forest Trees, Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researches in Asia and Oceania’. (Government Forest Experiment Station of Japan: Tokyo)
Teklehaimanot Z, Lanek J, Tomlinson HF (1998) Provenance variation in morphology and leaf anatomy of Parkia biglobosa and its relation to drought tolerance. Trees 3, 96–102.
White T, Adams W, Neale D (2007) ‘Forest genetics.’ (CABI: Oxfordshire, UK)
Wilson KL, Johnson LAS (1989) ‘Casuarinaceae. Flora of Australia: Vol.3. Hamamelidales to Casuarinales.’ (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra)
Zhong CL, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Jiang QB, Chen Z, Liang JF, Pinyopusarerk K, Franche C, Bogusz D (2010) Casuarina research and applications in China. Symbiosis 50, 107–114.
| Casuarina research and applications in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhong CL, Pinyopusarerk K, Kalinganire A, Franche C (2011) Improving smallholder livelihoods through improved casuarina productivity. Proceedings of the fourth international casuarina workshop. 272 pp. (China Forestry Publishing House: Beijing)
