Reproductive phenology of the kelp Ecklonia radiata at its Australian warm-range edge and the influence of environmental factors
R. J. Veenhof
A B * , C. Champion A B , S. A. Dworjanyn A , T. C. Shalders A B and M. A. Coleman A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia.
B NSW Department of Primary Industries, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia.
Marine and Freshwater Research 74(11) 928-940 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22259
Submitted: 1 December 2022 Accepted: 14 May 2023 Published: 7 June 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Range-edge populations persist closer to their physiological thresholds, often limiting reproductive output. Kelps are foundation species on temperate reefs, but their reproductive phenology at range edges remains poorly understood.
Aims: We assess the reproductive phenology of Ecklonia radiata at its eastern Australian warm range edge in relation to local environmental conditions and make comparisons with populations throughout Australia.
Methods: E. radiata fertility was monitored over multiple years and environmental predictors of fertility were assessed using generalised additive models. Fertility responses were compared with data from centre and cold range-edge populations.
Key results: The proportion of fertile E. radiata plants increased as daylength declined and the length of fertile tissue was positively correlated with temperature. The magnitude of spore release was variable and responded to episodic swell and rainfall events. This is contrary to spore-release data from centre and cold range-edge populations, which demonstrated seasonal patterns correlated with temperature.
Conclusion: Spore release was lower at the warm range edge, yet year-round spore release demonstrated flexibility in response to local environmental conditions.
Implications: Flexible reproductive phenology of E. radiata at its warm range edge may be advantageous for sustaining populations at low latitudes under climate change.
Keywords: Ecklonia radiata, environmental analysis, fertility, kelp, reproduction, reproductive phenology, spores, warm-range edge.
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