Characterisation of bioaccumulation dynamics of three differently coated silver nanoparticles and aqueous silver in a simple freshwater food chain
Judit Kalman A D , Kai B. Paul A B , Farhan R. Khan C , Vicki Stone A and Teresa F. Fernandes A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
B Blue Frog Scientific, Scott House, South St Andrews Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2AZ, UK.
C Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change (ENSPAC), Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
D Corresponding authors. Emails: judit.kalman@uca.es; t.fernandes@hw.ac.uk
Environmental Chemistry 12(6) 662-672 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15035
Submitted: 17 February 2015 Accepted: 20 May 2015 Published: 6 October 2015
Environmental context. Nanoparticles may be passed from primary producers to predators higher up the food chain, but little is currently known about this transfer. We studied the accumulation dynamics of silver nanoparticles by algae, and then from algae to zooplankton. Using the biodynamic approach, we reconstructed the accumulation process to show that diet is the primary route of uptake for silver nanoparticles.
Abstract. This study investigated the bioaccumulation dynamics of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with different coatings (polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and citrate), in comparison with aqueous Ag (added as AgNO3), in a simplified freshwater food chain comprising the green alga Chlorella vulgaris and the crustacean Daphnia magna. Algal uptake rate constants (ku) and membrane transport characteristics (binding site density, transporter affinity and strength of binding) were determined after exposing algae to a range of either aqueous Ag or Ag NP concentrations. In general, higher ku values were related to higher toxicity in the algae. Transmission electron microscopy images were used to investigate the internalisation of Ag NPs in algal cells following exposure to low concentrations for 72 h (mimicking inhibition tests) or high concentrations for 4 h (mimicking preparation for daphnia dietary exposure). Ag NPs were only visualised in algal cells exposed to high Ag NP concentrations. To establish D. magna biodynamic model constants, organisms were fed Ag-contaminated algae and depurated for 96 h. Assimilation efficiencies ranged from 10 to 25 % and the elimination of accumulated Ag followed a two-compartmental model, indicating lower loss rate constants for polyvinyl pyrrolidone-, and polyethylene glycol-coated Ag NPs. Biodynamic model results revealed that in most cases, food is the dominant pathway of Ag uptake in D. magna. Despite the predicted low steady-state body burdens in D. magna, dietary uptake of Ag was possible from aqueous and particulate forms of Ag.
Additional keywords: Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna, dietary uptake, internalization.
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