The first simultaneous study of the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections by polymerase chain reaction and standard methods
Vessela V. Ouzounova-Raykova A C , Mohamed El Tibi B and Ivan G. Mitov A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, ‘Zdrave’2 Street 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
B Department of Urology, Alexander University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, ‘Zdrave’2 Street 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
C Corresponding author. Email: pumpi@abv.bg
Sexual Health 8(3) 442-444 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH11056
Submitted: 31 March 2011 Accepted: 7 April 2011 Published: 17 August 2011
Abstract
Background: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are important sexually transmissible pathogens. The aim of the present study was to determine their prevalence in symptomatic and asymptomatic people. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and standard methods were tested for 413 specimens. Results: The registered prevalence with PCR was N. gonorrhoeae 2.66% and C. trachomatis 0.73%. One man showed co-infection. Standard methods demonstrated lower sensitivity in finding N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis in comparison with the PCR. Conclusions: This is the first simultaneous study in Bulgaria for detection of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis by PCR and standard methods. N. gonorrhoeae was found to be a more frequent infection. Further investigations are needed.
Additional keyword: Bulgaria.
References
[1] Haralambieva I, Iankov I, Petrov D, Mitov I. Monoclonal antibody of IgG isotype against a cross-reactive lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia and Salmonella Re chemotype enhances infectivity in L-929 fibroblast cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 33 71–6.| Monoclonal antibody of IgG isotype against a cross-reactive lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia and Salmonella Re chemotype enhances infectivity in L-929 fibroblast cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktFygsr4%3D&md5=03836093b984859e72651eeeb76b3fdeCAS |
[2] Lee SR, Chung JM, Kim YG. Rapid one step detection of pathogenic bacteria in urine with sexually transmitted disease (STD) and prostatitis patient by multiplex PCR assay (mPCR). J Microbiol 2007; 45 453–9.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVanu7%2FL&md5=f95ca2983fb6313e1a35ae805e0396bcCAS |
[3] Fredricks D, Relman D. Paraffin removal from tissue sections for digestion and PCR analysis. Biotechniques 1999; 26 198–200.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtFGku7w%3D&md5=05364df79c958f0a9f52e082e57162d1CAS |
[4] Spasovski MS, Simjanovska LJ, Taleski V, Petrova N, Lazetic L, Popeska Z, et al Screening of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infections among the male and female population of the Republic of Macedonia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005; 19 427–30.
| Screening of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infections among the male and female population of the Republic of Macedonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[5] Kirk E, Bora S, Van Calster B, Condous G, Van Huffel S, Timmerman D, et al Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients attending an Early Pregnancy Unit: prevalence, symptoms, pregnancy location and viability. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87 601–7.
| Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients attending an Early Pregnancy Unit: prevalence, symptoms, pregnancy location and viability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[6] Shankar M, Dutta R, Gkaras A, Tan B, Kadir RA, Economides D. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis in women presenting to the early pregnancy unit. J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 26 15–9.
| Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis in women presenting to the early pregnancy unit.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28%2FgsFKitw%3D%3D&md5=8616b9103ac5d811654df00f99097653CAS |
[7] Baczynska A, Hvid M, Lamy P, Birkelund S, Christiansen G, Fedder J. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis among Danish patients requesting abortion. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2008; 54 127–34.
| Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis among Danish patients requesting abortion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[8] Jensen JS, Rnelius EB, Dohn B, Lidbrink P. Comparison of first void urine and urogenital swab specimens for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31 499–507.
| Comparison of first void urine and urogenital swab specimens for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvV2ru78%3D&md5=92347da8d676b832d8c4297ba46af785CAS |
[9] van Bergen JE, Spaargaren J, Götz HM, Veldhuijzen IK, Bindels PJE, Coenen TJ, et al Population prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Netherlands. Should asymptomatic persons be tested during population-based chlamydia screening also for gonorrhoea or only if chlamydial infection is found? BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6 42
| Population prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Netherlands. Should asymptomatic persons be tested during population-based chlamydia screening also for gonorrhoea or only if chlamydial infection is found?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[10] Mahafzah AM, Al-Ramahi MQ, Asa’d AM, El-Khateeb MS. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among sexually active Jordanian females. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35 607–10.
| Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among sexually active Jordanian females.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[11] Fernandes AM, Daher G, Nuzzi RX, Petta CA. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among women in a family planning clinic. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2009; 31 235–40.
[12] Brankova N, Panayotov S, Levterova V, Kantardjiev T. Screening study of asymptomatic patients for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Sofia. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 2 25–8.
[13] Tchoudomirova K, Nuhov P, Tchapanova A. Prevalence, epidemiological and clinical correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998; 11 214–20.
| Prevalence, epidemiological and clinical correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FpvFyrtw%3D%3D&md5=627dae2246ffb3879b3da33ee8d9abccCAS |
[14] Spiliopoulou A, Lakiotis V, Vittoraki A, Zavou D, Mauri D. Chlamydia trachomatis: time for screening? Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11 687–9.
| Chlamydia trachomatis: time for screening?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvjvVCjug%3D%3D&md5=cd5282f7cf01f1b68fb3ac3c36b98387CAS |
[15] Rahman S, Garland S, Currie M, Tabrizi SN, Rahman M, Nessa K, et al Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge in Bangladesh. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19 772–4.
| Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge in Bangladesh.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cnnt1yluw%3D%3D&md5=70e61f3bf1828223f05e0b54cc71bf04CAS |
[16] Imudia AN, Detti L, Puscheck EE, Yelian FD, Diamond MP. The prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections, and the rubella status of patients undergoing an initial infertility evaluation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2008; 25 43–6.
| The prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections, and the rubella status of patients undergoing an initial infertility evaluation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[17] Trevisan A, Mengoli C, Rossi L, Cattai M, Cavallaro A. Epidemiology of reproductive tract infections in a symptomatic population of North-East of Italy. Minerva Ginecol 2008; 60 135–42.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvps1WgsQ%3D%3D&md5=d5adc35ef8265493614c3c5b615dbfe0CAS |
[18] Adams OP, Carter AO, Prussia P, McIntyre G, Branch SL. Risk behaviour, healthcare access and prevalence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a population-based sample of adults in Barbados. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84 192–4.
| Risk behaviour, healthcare access and prevalence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a population-based sample of adults in Barbados.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1czktlSrug%3D%3D&md5=785f90894070a6747c18b08330ff23fdCAS |
[19] Ujević B, Habek JC, Habek D. Prevalence of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis in acute mucopurulent cervicitis. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2009; 60 197–203.
| Prevalence of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis in acute mucopurulent cervicitis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[20] Koffi SK, Faye-Kette H, Kacou-N’douba A, Kouassi-M’bengue A, Dosso M. Evaluation of first void urine in the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in patients less symptomatic in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Med Trop 2009; 69 275–7.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MrnsFOlsA%3D%3D&md5=bec9b845763fab50f1f96c887d75a339CAS |
[21] Defraye A, Crucitti T, Ducoffre G, Mak R, Sasse A. Incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in Belgium: trends 2000–2006. Rev Med Brux 2009; 30 93–8.
| 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1Mvht1Chsg%3D%3D&md5=2d5715b20143a016cd27e3cd610363e4CAS |
[22] Jakopanec I, Borgen K, Aavitsland P. The epidemiology of gonorrhoea in Norway, 1993–2007: past victories, future challenges. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9 33
| The epidemiology of gonorrhoea in Norway, 1993–2007: past victories, future challenges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
