Ancient divergence and biogeography of Raukaua (Araliaceae) and close relatives in the southern hemisphere
Anthony Mitchell A F , Rong Li B , Joseph W. Brown C , Ines Schönberger D and Jun Wen E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
B Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
C Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, USA.
D Allan Herbarium (CHR), Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
E Department of Botany/MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
F Corresponding author. Email: anthony.mitchell@otago.ac.nz
Australian Systematic Botany 25(6) 432-446 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB12020
Submitted: 28 October 2011 Accepted: 2 November 2012 Published: 14 December 2012
Abstract
Molecular genetic analyses were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and estimate divergence times for Raukaua species and their close relatives. A monophyletic group identified as the ‘greater Raukaua clade’ was circumscribed, with eight representative species; its basal divergence was estimated at c. 70 Mya, possibly after Zealandia had separated from Gondwana. Raukaua is paraphyletic because of the placement of Motherwellia, Cephalaralia, Cheirodendron and Schefflera s.s. The phylogeny supports a more narrowly circumscribed Raukaua that includes the New Zealand but not the South American or Tasmanian representatives. Ancestors of the monophyletic South American and Tasmanian Raukaua and the mainland Australian Motherwellia and Cephalaralia diverged at c. 66 Mya and their current disjunction may be vicariant, with overland dispersal between Australia and South America, possibly via Antarctica. Vicariance is also a likely mechanism for divergence at c. 57 Mya of the monophyletic Motherwellia, Cephalaralia and Tasmanian Raukaua. The common ancestor of New Zealand Raukaua¸ Cheirodendron and Schefflera s.s. is inferred to have existed c. 62 Mya in New Zealand, before the marine incursions during the Oligocene, implying that New Zealand Raukaua and Schefflera s.s. survived the inundation period or speciated outside New Zealand and subsequently colonised. Ancestors of Cheirodendron split from New Zealand Raukaua c. 43 Mya and dispersed over vast expanses of the south-western Pacific to Hawaii.
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