Molecular analyses of the Apocrita (Insecta : Hymenoptera) suggest that the Chalcidoidea are sister to the diaprioid complex
Lyda R. Castro A B and Mark Dowton AA Institute of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: lydaraquelcastro@hotmail.com
Invertebrate Systematics 20(5) 603-614 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS06002
Submitted: 16 January 2006 Accepted: 21 August 2006 Published: 12 October 2006
Abstract
Despite recent efforts, hypothesised phylogenetic relationships among apocritan wasps remain unresolved. In this study, molecular analyses were employed to analyse a dataset that included the 16S, the 28S and the COI genes of 87 apocritan representatives. Partial sequences of the 18S gene were also generated and added to this dataset. The topological effects of outgroup choice, method of phylogenetic analysis, and inclusion of the 18S data were systematically investigated, with particular focus on the relationship of the Chalcidoidea with other members of the Proctotrupomorpha (Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea, Cynipoidea). We report that ingroup topology was sensitive to the choice of outgroup, the method of phylogenetic analysis, and inclusion of 18S data. However, the Proctotrupomorpha were always monophyletic, and the Chalcidoidea were recovered, in every analysis except one, as the sister to the diaprioid complex (Diapriidae + Monomachidae + Maamingidae). The single exception, where the Chalcidoidea + Platygastroidea were recovered, utilised a more distant outgroup (Symphyta : Cephidae : Hartigia), maximum parsimony, and excluded the 18S data. Our results suggest the Chalcidoidea + (Diapriidae + Monomachidae + Maamingidae) relationship is more likely.
Additional keywords: Bayesian analysis, maximum parsimony, partitioned analysis, phylogeny, 18S rDNA.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Gary Gibson who generously shared his knowledge on apocritan morphology with us. For the kind donation of specimens, we thank: E. Bartowsky, R. Belshaw, F. Bin, P. Dangerfield, J. Early, F. Felipe, S. Field, G. Fitt, I. Gauld, G. Gibson, E. Grissell, P. Hanson, B. Hatami, J. Heraty, M. Hellers, P. Horne, G. Jackson, J. Jennings, N. Johnson, M. Keller, D. Kent, J. King, J. Kitt, M. Kulbars, N. Laurenne, P. Lewis, P. Mardulyn, L. Masner, G. Mayo, D. Murray, I. Naumann, J. O’Hara, D. Quicke, N. Schiff, S. Shaw, A. Sharkov, D. Smith, R. Storey, G. Taylor, N. Tonkin, G. Tribe, G. Walter, Q. Wang, A. Wells, B. Wharton, J. Whitfield and N. Zareh. This work was financially supported by the University of Wollongong, and a grant from the Australian Research Council.
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