The history of wildlife camera trapping as a survey tool in Australia
Paul D. Meek A B E , Guy-Anthony Ballard A C , Karl Vernes A and Peter J. S. Fleming A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
B NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 530, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia.
C Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ring Road North, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
D Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: paul.meek@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Australian Mammalogy 37(1) 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1071/AM14021
Submitted: 16 August 2014 Accepted: 15 January 2015 Published: 20 February 2015
Abstract
This paper provides an historical review of the technological evolution of camera trapping as a zoological survey tool in Australia. Camera trapping in Australia began in the 1950s when purpose-built remotely placed cameras were used in attempts to rediscover the thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus). However, camera traps did not appear in Australian research papers and Australasian conference proceedings until 1989–91, and usage became common only after 2008, with an exponential increase in usage since 2010. Initially, Australian publications under-reported camera trapping methods, often failing to provide fundamental details about deployment and use. However, rigour in reporting of key methods has increased during the recent widespread adoption of camera trapping. Our analysis also reveals a change in camera trap use in Australia, from simple presence–absence studies, to more theoretical and experimental approaches related to population ecology, behavioural ecology, conservation biology and wildlife management. Practitioners require further research to refine and standardise camera trap methods to ensure that unbiased and scientifically rigorous data are obtained from quantitative research. The recent change in emphasis of camera trapping research use is reflected in the decreasing range of camera trap models being used in Australian research. Practitioners are moving away from less effective models that have slow reaction times between detection and image capture, and inherent bias in detectability of fauna, to more expensive brands that offer faster speeds, greater functionality and more reliability.
Additional keywords: camera trap, remote camera, Thylacine, trail camera, wildlife research, zoology.
References
Anon. (1950). Untitled. The Mercury Magazine 11 February 1950, p. 13.Anon. (2013). Australia Destination Innovation. Australian Government, Department of Industry, Innovation, Climate Change, Science, Research and Tertiary Education.
Belcher, C. A. (1998). Susceptibility of the tiger quoll, (Dasyurus maculatus), and the eastern quoll, (D. viverrinus), to 1080-poisoned baits in control programmes for vertebrate pests in eastern Australia. Wildlife Research 25, 33–40.
| Susceptibility of the tiger quoll, (Dasyurus maculatus), and the eastern quoll, (D. viverrinus), to 1080-poisoned baits in control programmes for vertebrate pests in eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Belcher, C. A. (2003). Demographics of tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) populations in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 51, 611–626.
| Demographics of tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) populations in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bengsen, A. J., Leung, L. K. P., Lapidge, S. J., and Gordon, I. J. (2010). Artificial illumination reduces bait-take by small rainforest mammals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 127, 66–72.
| Artificial illumination reduces bait-take by small rainforest mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bengsen, A., Butler, J., and Masters, P. (2011a). Estimating and indexing feral cat population abundances using camera traps. Wildlife Research 38, 732–739.
| Estimating and indexing feral cat population abundances using camera traps.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bengsen, A. J., Leung, L. K. P., Lapidge, S. J., and Gordon, I. J. (2011b). Using a general index approach to analyze camera-trap abundance indices. Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 1222–1227.
| Using a general index approach to analyze camera-trap abundance indices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bengsen, A. J., Leung, L. K. P., Lapidge, S. J., and Gordon, I. J. (2011c). Target-specificity of feral pig baits under different conditions in a tropical rainforest. Wildlife Research 38, 370–379.
| Target-specificity of feral pig baits under different conditions in a tropical rainforest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht12gs7jK&md5=34f39cc2c2c9743a350e0bf0f6be82c2CAS |
Bengsen, A. J., Leung, L. K. P., Lapidge, S. J., and Gordon, I. J. (2011d). Target-specificity of feral pig baits under different conditions in a tropical rainforest. Wildlife Research 38, 370–379.
| Target-specificity of feral pig baits under different conditions in a tropical rainforest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht12gs7jK&md5=34f39cc2c2c9743a350e0bf0f6be82c2CAS |
Bluff, L. A., Clausen, L., Hill, A., and Bramwell, M. D. (2011). A decade of monitoring the remnant Victorian population of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata). Australian Mammalogy 33, 195–201.
| A decade of monitoring the remnant Victorian population of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borchard, P. (2013). Using camera trap data to model habitat use by wombats and cattle in Australian riparian ecosystems. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 11, 21–33.
| Using camera trap data to model habitat use by wombats and cattle in Australian riparian ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borchard, P., and Wright, I. A. (2010). Using camera-trap data to model habitat use by bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) and cattle (Bos taurus) in a south-eastern Australian agricultural riparian ecosystem. Australian Mammalogy 32, 16–22.
| Using camera-trap data to model habitat use by bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) and cattle (Bos taurus) in a south-eastern Australian agricultural riparian ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borchard, P., Eldridge, D. J., and Wright, I. A. (2012). Sarcoptes mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) increases diurnal activity of bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) in an agricultural riparian environment. Mammalian Biology. Zeitschrift für Saugetierkunde 77, 244–248.
Brim-Box, J., Guest, T., Barker, P., Jambrecina, M., Moran, S., and Kulitja, R. (2010). Camel usage and impacts at a permanent spring in central Australia: a case study. The Rangeland Journal 32, 55–62.
| Camel usage and impacts at a permanent spring in central Australia: a case study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carthew, S. M. (1993). An assessment of pollinator visitation to Banksia spinulosa. Australian Journal of Ecology 18, 257–268.
| An assessment of pollinator visitation to Banksia spinulosa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carthew, S. M., and Slater, E. (1991). Monitoring animal activity with automated photography. Journal of Wildlife Management 55, 689–692.
| Monitoring animal activity with automated photography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chapman, F. M. (1927). Who treads our trails. National Geographic 52, 331–345.
Claridge, A. W., Mifsud, G., Dawson, J., and Saxon, M. J. (2004). Use of infrared digital cameras to investigate the behaviour of cryptic species. Wildlife Research 31, 645–650.
| Use of infrared digital cameras to investigate the behaviour of cryptic species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Claridge, A. W., Paull, D. J., and Barry, S. C. (2010). Detection of medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals using infrared digital cameras: an alternative way forward? Australian Mammalogy 32, 165–171.
| Detection of medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals using infrared digital cameras: an alternative way forward?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coates, T. D. (2013). The performance of wombat gates in controlling wildlife movement through a predator fence. Australian Mammalogy 35, 184–187.
| The performance of wombat gates in controlling wildlife movement through a predator fence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cowled, B. D., Gifford, E., Smith, M., Staples, L., and Lapidge, S. J. (2006). Efficacy of manufactured PIGOUT® baits for localised control of feral pigs in the semi-arid Queensland rangelands. Wildlife Research 33, 427–437.
| Efficacy of manufactured PIGOUT® baits for localised control of feral pigs in the semi-arid Queensland rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crook, N., Cairns, S. C., and Vernes, K. (2013). Bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) use drainage culverts to cross roads. Australian Mammalogy 35, 23–29.
| Bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) use drainage culverts to cross roads.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
De Bondi, N., White, J. G., Stevens, M., and Cooke, R. (2010). A comparison of the effectiveness of camera trapping and live trapping for sampling terrestrial small-mammal communities. Wildlife Research 37, 456–465.
Diment, A. M. (2010). Monitoring the Ecological Impacts of Invasive Predator Control. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, Australia.
Dixon, V., Glover, H. J. K., Winnell, J., Treloar, S. M., Whisson, D. A., and Weston, M. A. (2009). Evaluation of three remote camera systems for detecting mammals and birds. Ecological Management & Restoration 10, 156–157.
| Evaluation of three remote camera systems for detecting mammals and birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elsner, W. K., Mitchell, A. T., and Fitzsimons, J. A. (2012). Distribution of the long-footed potoroo (Potorous longipes) and the spot-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in the Goolengook Forest, East Gippsland, Victoria. Australian Mammalogy 34, 100–107.
| Distribution of the long-footed potoroo (Potorous longipes) and the spot-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in the Goolengook Forest, East Gippsland, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Falzon, G., Meek, P. D., and Vernes, K. (2014). Computer-assisted identification of Australian rodents in camera trap imagery. In ‘Camera Trapping’. (Eds P. D. Meek, A. G. Ballard, P. B. Banks, A. W. Claridge, P. J. S. Fleming, J. G. Sanderson, and D. E. Swann.) pp. 299–306. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Ford, A. T., Clevenger, A. P., and Bennett, A. (2009). Comparison of methods of monitoring wildlife crossing-structures on highways. Journal of Wildlife Management 73, 1213–1222.
| Comparison of methods of monitoring wildlife crossing-structures on highways.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gardner, J. L. (1998). Experimental evidence for edge-related predation in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Australian Journal of Ecology 23, 311–321.
| Experimental evidence for edge-related predation in a fragmented agricultural landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glen, A. S., and Dickman, C. R. (2003). Monitoring bait removal in vertebrate pest control: a comparison using track identification and remote photography. Wildlife Research 30, 29–33.
| Monitoring bait removal in vertebrate pest control: a comparison using track identification and remote photography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R. L., Carthew, S. M., and Whelan, R. J. (1991). The importance of non-flying mammals in pollination. Oikos 61, 79–87.
| The importance of non-flying mammals in pollination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R. L., Taylor, B. D., and Ball, T. (2011). Wooden poles can provide habitat connectivity for a gliding mammal. Australian Mammalogy 33, 36–43.
| Wooden poles can provide habitat connectivity for a gliding mammal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R. L., Rohweder, D., and Taylor, B. D. (2013). Will arboreal mammals use rope-bridges across a highway in eastern Australia? Australian Mammalogy 35, 30–38.
| Will arboreal mammals use rope-bridges across a highway in eastern Australia?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gormley, A. M., Forsyth, D. M., Griffioen, P., Lindeman, M., Ramsey, D. S. L., Scroggie, M. P., and Woodford, L. (2011). Using presence-only and presence–absence data to estimate the current and potential distributions of established invasive species. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 25–34.
| Using presence-only and presence–absence data to estimate the current and potential distributions of established invasive species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21339812PubMed |
Guiler, E. R. (1985). ‘Thylacine: The Tragedy of the Tasmanian Tiger.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)
Hanke, P. U., and Dickman, C. R. (2013). Sniffing out the stakes: hair-snares for wild cats in arid environments. Wildlife Research 40, 45–51.
| Sniffing out the stakes: hair-snares for wild cats in arid environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayes, R. A., Nahrung, H. F., and Wilson, J. C. (2006). The response of native Australian rodents to predator odours varies seasonally: a by-product of life history variation? Animal Behaviour 71, 1307–1314.
| The response of native Australian rodents to predator odours varies seasonally: a by-product of life history variation?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hohnen, R., Ashby, J., Tuft, K., and McGregor, H. (2013). Individual identification of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) using remote cameras. Australian Mammalogy 35, 131–135.
| Individual identification of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) using remote cameras.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huijbers, C. M., Sclacher, T. A., Schoeman, D. S., Weston, M. A., and Connolly, R. M. (2013). Urbanisation alters processing of marine carrion on sandy beaches. Landscape and Urban Planning 119, 1–8.
| Urbanisation alters processing of marine carrion on sandy beaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kays, R. W., and Slauson, K. M. (2008). Remote cameras. In ‘Noninvasive Survey Methods for Carnivores: Methods and Analyses’. (Eds R. A. Long, P. MacKay, W. J. Zielinski, and J. C. Ray.) pp. 110–140. (Island Press: Washington.)
Kirmani, S., Banks, P., and McArthur, C. (2010). Integrating the costs of plant toxins and predation risk in foraging decisions of a mammalian herbivore. Oecologia 164, 349–356.
| Integrating the costs of plant toxins and predation risk in foraging decisions of a mammalian herbivore.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20652597PubMed |
Kucera, T. E., and Barrett, R. H. (2011). A history of camera trapping. In ‘Camera Traps in Animal Ecology’. (Eds A. F. O’Connell, J. D. Nichols, and K. U. Karanth.) pp. 9–26. (Springer: New York.)
Laurance, W., and Grant, J. (1994). Photographic identification of ground-nest predators in Australian tropical rainforest. Wildlife Research 21, 241–247.
| Photographic identification of ground-nest predators in Australian tropical rainforest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Magoun, A. J., Valkenburg, P., Pedersen, D. N., Long, C. D., and Lowell, R. E. (2011). ‘Wolverine Images – Using Motion Detection Cameras for Photographing, Identifying, and Monitoring Wolverines.’ (Blurp Creative Publishing Service: San Francisco, CA.)
Major, R., and Gowing, G. (1994). An inexpensive photographic technique for identifying nest predators at active nests of birds. Wildlife Research 21, 657–665.
| An inexpensive photographic technique for identifying nest predators at active nests of birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mansergh, I., and Scotts, D. (1989). Habitat continuity and social organisation of the mountain pygmy-possum restored by tunnel. Journal of Wildlife Management 53, 701–707.
| Habitat continuity and social organisation of the mountain pygmy-possum restored by tunnel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCallum, J. (2012). Changing use of camera traps in mammalian field research: habitats, taxa and study types. Mammal Review 43, 196–206.
| Changing use of camera traps in mammalian field research: habitats, taxa and study types.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meek, P. D. (2010). Remote camera monitoring of the Hastings River mouse (Pseudomys oralis): trial of a novel technique for monitoring populations. Unpublished report for Gondwana Rainforests of Australia.
Meek, P. D., and Pittet, A. (2012). User-based design specifications for the ultimate camera trap for wildlife research. Wildlife Research 39, 649–660.
| User-based design specifications for the ultimate camera trap for wildlife research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meek, P. D., Zewe, F., and Falzon, G. (2012). Temporal activity patterns of the swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus) and other rodents in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Australian Mammalogy 34, 223–233.
| Temporal activity patterns of the swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus) and other rodents in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meek, P. D., Ballard, G. A., and Fleming, P. J. S. (2013). A permanent security post for camera trapping. Australian Mammalogy 35, 123–127.
| A permanent security post for camera trapping.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meek, P. D., Ballard, G., Claridge, A., Kays, R., Moseby, K., O’Brien, T., O’Connell, A., Sanderson, J., Swann, D. E., Tobler, M., and Townsend, S. (2014a). Recommended guiding principles for reporting on camera trapping research. Biodiversity and Conservation 23, 2321–2343.
| Recommended guiding principles for reporting on camera trapping research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meek, P. D., Ballard, A. G., Banks, P. B., Claridge, A. W., Fleming, P. J. S., Sanderson, J. G., and Swann, D. E. (Eds) (2014b). ‘Camera Trapping.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Meek, P. D., Ballard, G. A., and Fleming, P. J. S. (2015). The pitfalls of wildlife camera trapping as a survey tool in Australia. Australian Mammalogy 37, .
| The pitfalls of wildlife camera trapping as a survey tool in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moseby, K. E., Neilly, H., Read, J. L., and Crisp, H. A. (2012). Interactions between a top order predator and exotic mesopredators in the Australian rangelands. International Journal of Ecology 2012, 1–15.
| Interactions between a top order predator and exotic mesopredators in the Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nelson, J. E., and Scroggie, M. P. (2009). Remote cameras as a mammal survey tool – survey design and practical considerations. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Unpublished Report. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Heidelberg, Victoria Internal publication.
Nelson, J. E., Menkhorst, P., Howard, K., Chick, R., and Lumsden, L. (2009). The status of smoky mouse populations at some historical sites in Victoria, and survey methods for their detection. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Unpublished report no. 2009/17. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Heidelberg, Victoria Internal publication.
O’Connell, A. F., Nichols, J. D., Karanth, K. U. (2011). Camera Traps in Animal Ecology Methods and Analyses. (Springer: New York).
Page, M. J., Kuiper, J., Kabat, A. P., and Legge, S. (2013). A way to reduce interference with Elliot traps. Australian Mammalogy 35, 128–130.
| A way to reduce interference with Elliot traps.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paull, D. J., Claridge, A. W., and Barry, S. C. (2011). There’s no accounting for taste: bait attractants and infrared digital cameras for detecting small to medium ground-dwelling mammals. Wildlife Research 38, 188–195.
| There’s no accounting for taste: bait attractants and infrared digital cameras for detecting small to medium ground-dwelling mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paull, D. J., Claridge, A. W., and Cunningham, R. B. (2012). Effective detection methods for medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals: a comparison between infrared digital cameras and hair tunnels. Wildlife Research 39, 546–553.
Robley, A., Gormley, A., Woodford, L., Lindeman, M., Whitehead, B., Albert, R., Bowd, M., and Smith, A. (2010). Evaluation of camera trap sampling designs used to determine changes in occupancy rate and abundance of feral cats. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series 201, 1–23.
Rovero, F., Zimmerman, F., Berzi, D., and Meek, P. D. (2013). Which camera trap type and how many do I need? A review of camera features and study designs for a range of wildlife research applications. Hystrix The Italian Journal of Mammalogy 24, 148–156.
Rowcliffe, J. M., and Carbone, C. (2008). Surveys using camera traps: are we looking to a brighter future? Animal Conservation 11, 185–186.
Rowcliffe, J. M., Field, J., Turvey, S. T., and Carbone, C. (2008). Estimating animal density using camera traps without the need for individual recognition. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 1228–1236.
| Estimating animal density using camera traps without the need for individual recognition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rueegger, N. N., Goldingay, R. L., and Brookes, L. O. (2012). Does nest box design influence use by the eastern pygmy-possum? Australian Journal of Zoology 60, 372–380.
| Does nest box design influence use by the eastern pygmy-possum?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanderson, J. G., and Harris, G. (2014). Automatic camera trap data organisation, storage, and analysis without entering data by hand from a keyboard. In ‘Camera Trapping.’ (Eds P. D. Meek, A. G. Ballard, P. B. Banks, A. W. Claridge, P. J. S. Fleming, J. G. Sanderson, and D. E. Swann.) pp. 283–290. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Sanderson, J. G., and Trolle, M. (2005). Monitoring elusive mammals. American Scientist 93, 148–155.
| Monitoring elusive mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shiras, G. (1906). Photographing wild game with flash-light and camera. National Geographic XVII, 367–423.
Shiras, G. (1913). Wild animals that took their own pictures by day and night. National Geographic XXIV, 763–834.
Smith, J. K., and Coulson, G. (2012). A comparison of vertical and horizontal camera trap orientations for detection of potoroos and bandicoots. Australian Mammalogy 34, 196–201.
| A comparison of vertical and horizontal camera trap orientations for detection of potoroos and bandicoots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, S. (1981). The Tasmanian tiger 1980. NPWS Tasmania Technical report no. 81/1.
Soanes, K., Carmody Lobo, M., Vesk, P. A., McCarthy, M. A., and Moore, J. L. (2013). Movement re-established but not restored: inferring the effectiveness of road-crossing mitigation for a gliding mammal by monitoring use. Biological Conservation 159, 434–441.
| Movement re-established but not restored: inferring the effectiveness of road-crossing mitigation for a gliding mammal by monitoring use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Somaweera, R., Webb, J., and Shine, R. (2011). It’s a dog-eat-croc world: dingo predation on the nests of freshwater crocodiles in tropical Australia. Ecological Research 26, 957–967.
| It’s a dog-eat-croc world: dingo predation on the nests of freshwater crocodiles in tropical Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, B. D., and Goldingay, R. L. (2012). Restoring connectivity in landscapes fragmented by major roads: a case study using wooden poles as “stepping stones” for gliding Mammals. Restoration Ecology 20, 671–678.
| Restoring connectivity in landscapes fragmented by major roads: a case study using wooden poles as “stepping stones” for gliding Mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, B. D., and Goldingay, R. L. (2013). Squirrel gliders use roadside glide poles to cross a road gap. Australian Mammalogy 35, 119–122.
| Squirrel gliders use roadside glide poles to cross a road gap.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
The Nielsen Company (2012). ‘The Australian Online Consumer Landscape. March 2012.’ (Nielsen: Sydney.)
Thomas, L., Jr. (2010). ‘Deer Cameras; The Science of Scouting.’ (Quality Deer Management Association: Bogart, GA.)
Towerton, A. L., Penman, T. D., Blake, M. E., Deane, A. T., Kavanagh, R. P., and Dickman, C. R. (2008). The potential for remote cameras to monitor visitation by birds and predators at malleefowl mounds. Ecological Management & Restoration 9, 64–67.
| The potential for remote cameras to monitor visitation by birds and predators at malleefowl mounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Towerton, A., Penman, T. D., Kavanagh, R. P., and Dickman, C. R. (2011). Detecting pest and prey responses to fox control across the landscape using remote cameras. Wildlife Research 38, 208–220.
| Detecting pest and prey responses to fox control across the landscape using remote cameras.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K., and Jarman, P. (2011). The mammal fauna of the Peter Murrell Reserves, Tasmania, as revealed by truffle-baited camera traps. The Tasmanian Naturalist 133, 51–61.
Vernes, K., and Jarman, P. (2014). Foraging behaviour and handling times for long-nosed potoroos (Potorous tridactylus) foraging for buried truffles. Australian Mammalogy 36, 128–130.
| Foraging behaviour and handling times for long-nosed potoroos (Potorous tridactylus) foraging for buried truffles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vine, S. J., Crowther, M. S., Lapidge, S. J., Dickman, C. R., Mooney, N., Piggott, M. P., and English, A. W. (2009). Comparison of methods to detect rare and cryptic species: a case study using the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Wildlife Research 36, 436–446.
| Comparison of methods to detect rare and cryptic species: a case study using the red fox (Vulpes vulpes).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, Y., and Fisher, D. O. (2012). Dingoes affect activity of feral cats, but do not exclude them from the habitat of an endangered macropod. Wildlife Research 39, 611–620.
| Dingoes affect activity of feral cats, but do not exclude them from the habitat of an endangered macropod.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Welbourne, D. (2013). A method for surveying diurnal terrestrial reptiles with passive infrared automatically triggered cameras. Herpetological Review 44, 247–250.
Weston, N., Goosem, M., Marsh, H., Cohen, M., and Wilson, R. (2011). Using canopy bridges to link habitat for arboreal mammals: successful trials in the Wet Tropics of Queensland. Australian Mammalogy 33, 93–105.
| Using canopy bridges to link habitat for arboreal mammals: successful trials in the Wet Tropics of Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zewe, F., Meek, P., Ford, H., and Vernes, K. (2014). A vertical bait station for black rats (Rattus rattus) that reduces bait take by a sympatric native rodent. Australian Mammalogy 36, 67–73.
| A vertical bait station for black rats (Rattus rattus) that reduces bait take by a sympatric native rodent.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
